Frangula

Frangula
	Frangula alnus
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Plantae
Clade:	Tracheophytes
Clade:	Angiosperms
Clade:	Eudicots
Clade:	Rosids
Order:	Rosales
Family:	Rhamnaceae
Tribe:	Rhamneae
Genus:	Frangula; Mill.
Species
	See text

Frangula is a genus of about 35 species of flowering shrubs or small trees, commonly known as alder buckthorn in the buckthorn family Rhamnaceae.^[1] The common name buckthorn is also used to describe species of the genus Rhamnus in the same family and also sea-buckthorn, Hippophae rhamnoides in the Elaeagnaceae.

Description

Frangula is a genus of deciduous shrubs with alternate, simple leaves with stipules, buds without bud scales, branches without spines and flowers with five petals and undivided styles. The fruits are 2 to 4-seeded berries.^[2]^: 279

Selected species include:

Frangula alnus – alder buckthorn, glossy buckthorn, breaking buckthorn, black dogwood
Frangula azorica
Frangula betulifolia – birchleaf buckthorn
Frangula californica – California buckthorn, coffeeberry
Frangula caroliniana – Carolina buckthorn, Indian cherry (synonym Rhamnus caroliniana)
Frangula purshiana – cascara buckthorn (synonym Rhamnus purshiana)
Frangula rubra – red buckthorn

The European species, alder buckthorn (Frangula alnus) was of major military importance in the 15th to 19th centuries, as its wood provided the best quality charcoal for gunpowder manufacture.^[3]

References

^ "The Plant List: Frangula". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2013.
^ Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780521707725.
^ Francis Montagu Smith (1871). A handbook of the manufacture and proof of gunpowder, as carried on at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 26–. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

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[PlantList-1] "The Plant List: Frangula". Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 2013.

[Stace-2] Stace, C. A. (2010). New Flora of the British Isles (Third ed.). Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press. p. 88. ISBN 9780521707725.

[Smith1871-3] Francis Montagu Smith (1871). A handbook of the manufacture and proof of gunpowder, as carried on at the Royal Gunpowder Factory, Waltham Abbey. H.M. Stationery Office. pp. 26–. Retrieved 2 April 2013.

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[3]

v t e Herbs used as laxatives
Anthraquinones	Aloe Cascara Frangula Rhubarb Senna Yellow dock
Bulk-forming agents	Ispaghula Broadleaf plantain Agar Bran Tragacanth
Sugar-containing herbs	Tamarind Plum
Other	Castor oil