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Olongapo

Coordinates: 14°50′N 120°17′E / 14.83°N 120.28°E / 14.83; 120.28
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Olongapo
Highly urbanized city
City of Olongapo
From top, left to right: Business district in Olongapo, Ulo ng Apo Monument, City Hall, Harbor Point (Subic), SM City Olongapo Central
Flag of Olongapo
Flag
Official seal of Olongapo
Seal
Nickname: 
City of Volunteers[1][2]
Motto(s): 
Transparency and Good Governance[3]
Anthem: Himno ng Olongapo (Hymn of Olongapo)
Map of Central Luzon with Olongapo highlighted
Map of Central Luzon with Olongapo highlighted
OpenStreetMap
Map
Olongapo is located in Philippines
Olongapo
Olongapo
Location within the Philippines
Coordinates: 14°50′N 120°17′E / 14.83°N 120.28°E / 14.83; 120.28
CountryPhilippines
RegionCentral Luzon
ProvinceZambales (geographically only)
District 1st district
FoundedNovember 4, 1750
CityhoodJune 1, 1966[4]
Highly urbanized cityDecember 7, 1983
Barangays17 (see Barangays)
Government
 [5]
 • TypeSangguniang Panlungsod
 • MayorRolen C. Paulino, Jr.
 • Vice MayorAquilino Y. Cortez Jr.
 • RepresentativeJefferson F. Khonghun
 • City Council
Members
 • Electorate123,707 voters (2022)
Area
[6]
 • City185.00 km2 (71.43 sq mi)
 • Metro
472.16 km2 (182.30 sq mi)
Elevation
34 m (112 ft)
Highest elevation
1,281 m (4,203 ft)
Lowest elevation
0 m (0 ft)
Population
 (2020 census)[7]
 • City260,317
 • Density1,400/km2 (3,600/sq mi)
 • Metro
337,811
 • Metro density720/km2 (1,900/sq mi)
 • Households
66,450
Demonym(s)Olongapeño (masculine)
Olongapeña (Feminine)
Olongapenean
Economy
 • Income class1st city income class
 • Poverty incidence
7.60
% (2021)[8]
 • Revenue₱ 1,731 million (2020)
 • Assets₱ 10,149 million (2020), 6,501 million (2012)
 • Expenditure₱ 1,328 million (2020)
 • Liabilities₱ 7,291 million (2020)
Service provider
 • ElectricityOlongapo Electricity Distribution Company (OEDC)
ZIP code
2200, 2222 (Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone)
PSGC
037107000
IDD : area code +63 (0)47
Native languagesTagalog
Ilocano
Sambal
Kapampangan
Ambala
Websitewww.olongapocity.gov.ph

Olongapo ([ʔoˌloːŋ.ɡɐˈpo]), officially the City of Olongapo (Filipino: Lungsod ng Olongapo; Ilocano: Siudad ti Olongapo; Sambal: Siyodad nin Olongapo; Kapampangan: Lakanbalen/Ciudad ning Olongapo), is a 1st class highly urbanized city in the Central Luzon region of the Philippines. According to the 2020 census, it has a population of 260,317 people.[7]

It is geographically situated and grouped under the province of Zambales by the Philippine Statistics Authority but governed independently from the province and it is also the largest city. Portions of the city also form part of the Subic Special Economic and Freeport Zone.

Along with the municipality of Subic, it comprises Metro Olongapo, one of the twelve metropolitan areas in the Philippines.[9]

History

[edit]

Spanish colonial era

[edit]

In 1868, a Spanish military expedition was dispatched to study the possibility of relocating the Cavite Naval Station in Subic Bay due to its unhealthy condition.

Spanish King Alfonso XII through a Royal Decree made Subic Bay (then called Subig) as Spain's stronghold in the Far East in 1884. Vice Admiral Juan Bautista de Antiquiera made Olongapo a settlement for the Spanish Navy.

On March 8, 1885, the Spanish Naval commission authorized construction of the Arsenal in Olongapo. The Spanish planned to transform their naval station and the village of Olongapo into an island, safeguarding it from potential rebel attacks. The Spanish Navy Yard occupied the entire area east of the Spanish Gate. Employing Filipino labor, they did extensive dredging of the harbor and the inner basin and built a drainage canal. The canal served both to drain the swampy area around the yard and also to form a line of defense.

Within ten years, the Spaniards had erected walls and markers to fence off the arsenal. They had shops and buildings erected. The Spanish government spent almost fifteen years developing the naval station. From higher naval commands, the order was sent to fortify Grande Island at the mouth of Subic Bay name=historyspain1>"History of Subic Bay and Olongapo City". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.</ref>[10][11][12] In the meantime, during the Philippine Revolution, a fleet led by the Cuban-Filipino Admiral Vicente Catalan seized the naval base at Subic-Olongapo from the Spanish for the First Philippine Republic.

American occupation

[edit]
Aerial view of the Olongapo Naval Station in 1928

On May 1, 1898, the construction of the Spanish Administration Building was nearly complete when Admiral Dewey's flagship, USS Olympia, led the Asiatic Fleet into Manila Bay. A detachment of Dewey's fleet bombarded the navy yard. Eventually, after the surrender, Spain relinquished all her rights in the Philippines to the United States. This marked the end of more than three hundred years of Spanish rule over the islands.

Realizing the tremendous importance of Olongapo as a naval facility, the U.S. Navy decided to keep the base in functioning order; US President Theodore Roosevelt, on November 9, 1901, by executive order, reserved the waters of Subic and some of the adjacent lands for naval purposes.

The naval station was widened and with the establishment of the American rule in the Philippines. American defenses in the islands were facilities left by the Spanish Navy which were taken over by the United States.

Olongapo grew in direct proportion to the growth of the naval station. More people came to live in Olongapo since the Navy offered employment. To most Filipinos during that time, it was a welcome change. The promise of a different kind of experience as shop workers and office help induced many young men to leave their farms and fishing boats to work in the Navy Yard. Others finding the lure of the sea irresistible joined the U.S. Navy.

Olongapo impressed its visitors as being one of the finest communities in the country. People passing through the town never failed to comment on its cleanliness and orderliness.[13][10]

Japanese occupation

[edit]

When the war broke out in 1941, the old town was obliterated. Olongapo was twice destroyed.

On December 14, 1941, Japanese bombers attacked the Olongapo/Subic Bay area. Ten days later, the order was given to burn Subic Bay Naval Station and withdraw. Olongapo was set aflame by the Filipinos in anticipation of the Japanese arrival. The USS New York was scuttled in Subic Bay.[14] When the American forces made a last-ditch stand on the Bataan peninsula, the Naval Station was abandoned and most of its facilities were burned before the Japanese came.

In 1945, Olongapo was again bombed, shelled and burned. Joint American and Philippine Commonwealth ground troops aided guerrilla fighters in liberating Olongapo from the Japanese forces. With the exceptions of the Station Chapel (the Olongapo Parish Church before the war) and the Spanish Gate, none of its former landmarks withstood the war. The general headquarters between the United States Army, Philippine Commonwealth Army & Philippine Constabulary were located in Olongapo during and after World War II, and were active until 1946 after operating against the Japanese for the liberation of Central Luzon.

Postwar Era

[edit]

In 1946, the Philippines was granted independence. Olongapo was one of the principal naval bases retained by the United States. The Navy started rebuilding the town after hostilities ceased. Olongapo was built on a new undeveloped site a couple of miles north of its former location. The prewar town site became part of the base.

The first few years after the war were difficult for the new town, as everything in the new Olongapo was damaged. There were no electric power and no drainage system. The water supply and sanitation facilities were inadequate, and streets were unpaved.[10] Gradually, Olongapo evolved into a new community: new businesses were established, housing projects were planned and civic facilities were restored.

During the Korean War, the United States spent over US$170 million to convert the base into the homeport of the Navy's Seventh Fleet, developing the Cubi Naval Air Station as the largest US installation of its kind in Asia. Naval authorities relocated the residence from the area of the former Public Works Center area to the intersection of what is now known as Rizal Avenue and Ramon Magsaysay Drive, and in the Barangays New Asinan and New Kalalake areas. Zoning of Olongapo was patterned after American practice where streets are constructed along straight lines. The magnitude of facilities construction in the Olongapo and Subic Bay area brought growth and prosperity to Olongapo. By 1956, migrants from nearby towns and provinces had swelled the population to 39,180.[15]

Cityhood

[edit]
Main article: Cities of the Philippines
Bridge leading to NS Subic Bay, 1981

Unlike the rest of the Philippines which gained independence from the United States after World War II in 1946, Olongapo was governed as a part of the United States naval reservation. The Subic Bay Naval Base commanding officer was chairman of the Olongapo town council, school board, and hospital board. Olongapo's 60,000 Filipino residents paid taxes to the US Navy and those accused of crimes involving American servicemen were tried in US Navy courts. In July 1955, Manila mayor Arsenio Lacson announced that American service personnel accused of crimes in Manila would be tried in Philippine courts because of US Navy abuses of Filipinos in Olongapo.

On October 23, 1959, Olongapo was placed under martial law when Robert Grant, the American owner of an Olongapo auto parts store was killed and the US Navy declined to identify or try the Naval Supply Depot sentry who shot him.[16]

Olongapo was the last piece of Philippine territory surrendered by the United States to the country in the 1950s.[10][17] On December 7, 1959, 56,000 acres of land with electrical, telephone and water utilities was relinquished to Philippine Secretary of Foreign Affairs Felixberto Serrano.[16] The first mayor appointed was civic leader Ruben Geronimo. He was later succeeded by business entrepreneur Ildefonso Arriola.

Six years later, through the efforts of Representative Ramon Magsaysay Jr. in Congress and Senator Genaro Magsaysay in the Senate, President Ferdinand Marcos signed R.A. 4645. Olongapo was reconverted to a chartered city on June 1, 1966.[4]

Olongapo was eventually upgraded to the status of a highly urbanized city (HUC) on December 7, 1983.[citation needed]

Marcos dictatorship era

[edit]
Main articles: Martial law under Ferdinand Marcos and Human rights abuses of the Marcos dictatorship

The beginning months of the 1970s marked a period of turmoil and change in the Philippines, as well as in Olongapo and Zambales.[18][19] During his bid to be the first Philippine president to be re-elected for a second term, Ferdinand Marcos launched an unprecedented number of foreign debt-funded public works projects. This caused[20][21] the Philippine economy to take a sudden downwards turn known as the 1969 Philippine balance of payments crisis, which in turn led to a period of economic difficulty and a significant rise of social unrest.[22][23][24] [25]: "43" 

With only a year left in his last constitutionally allowed term as president, Ferdinand Marcos placed the Philippines under Martial Law in September 1972 and thus retained the position for fourteen more years.[26] This period in Philippine history is remembered for the Marcos administration's record of human rights abuses,[27][28] particularly targeting political opponents, student activists, journalists, religious workers, farmers, and others who fought against the Marcos dictatorship.[29]

In Olongapo, the continuation of the Vietnam war through this period meant the arrival of a constantly growing number of U.S. Sailors to adjacent U.S. Naval Base Subic Bay,[30] which was headed by Manuel Ardonia.[citation needed] The base was visited by 215 ships per month as the Vietnam War peaked in 1967, and it employed 15,000 Filipino civilians.[30]

However, this also meant the rapid growth of prostitution in the areas around the base.[31] The policies of the Marcos administration encouraged the growth of the sex-industry[32]: 128  because it increased the flow of higher value currency into the Philippine economy.[33]: 13 

The economies of Olongapo and the nearby areas of Zambales evolved from a largely agricultural orientation at the end of the 1960s[32][33] towards one built around sex industry related businesses such as bars by the mid-1970s.[32][33] The nightclubs along Ramon Magsaysay Drive between the naval base main gate and Rizal Avenue were notoriously popular among the 4,225,000 servicemen visiting the base that year.[30] Sailors' accounts recall the popularity of musical performances, inexpensive San Miguel beer, attractive teenage prostitutes, erotic floor shows, Jeepney rides back to the naval base and children diving for coins tossed from the bridge over the estuarine drainage channel in front of the naval base main gate were popular amenities among the sailors.[34][35][36]

Mount Pinatubo eruption

[edit]
Main article: 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo
Mount Pinatubo ash covers Naval Station Subic Bay

On June 15, 1991, Mount Pinatubo, 20 miles (32 kilometres) from the city, violently erupted with a force eight times greater than the May 1980 eruption of Mount St. Helens. Volcanic clouds blocked out the sun. Volcanic earthquakes and heavy muddy rain, as well as thunderstorms from a typhoon passing over Central Luzon, darkened the area for 36 hours in what would become known as "Black Saturday".[37] This caused widespread damage to the United States facility and Olongapo City.

On September 16, 1991, the Senate leaders of the Philippines did not grant an extension of the existing RP-US Military Bases Agreement between the Republic of the Philippines and the United States, thus terminating the stay of the United States military in the Philippines.

Contemporary era

[edit]
The U.S. flag is lowered and Philippine flag is raised during turnover of Naval Station Subic Bay.

Olongapo surged to national prominence during the incumbency of Mayor Richard Gordon, who, like his father before him, was against the departure of US military forces, yet lobbied for the turnover of the facility and its conversion into a freeport in 1992. Gordon spearheaded a volunteerism strategy to return an ailing economy to prosperity after Mount Pinatubo's eruption and the withdrawal of US forces. The strategy worked across all demographics and involved a strong corps of 8,000 volunteers who protected and preserved the abandoned base facilities from poachers. Gordon complemented this with an aggressive advocacy campaign to convert the area into a protected area and industrial zone. Later, he launched an aggressive international investment promotion which resulted in the accelerating the development of a prime industrial and tourism zone in the country, the Subic Bay Freeport Zone (SBFZ).[37]

As the first chartered city and highly urbanized city in its province, Olongapo's reputation among Filipinos rose from being a "sin city" in the 1960s and 1970s into a "model city" in the 1980s, 1990s and 2000s.[17]

A recent racial study showed that Angeles City, Pampanga; alongside Manila; and Olongapo, Zambales; was the locations of several concentrations of 250,000 Amerasians (Mixed American-Asians) who were born as a result of the American colonization of the Philippines and the presence of US bases in the country.[38][39]

Geography

[edit]
City skyline

Situated at the southern entry point of Zambales and the northeastern interior of the Subic Bay area, Olongapo City is 78 kilometers (48 mi) from Iba and 126 kilometres (78 mi) northwest of Manila.

The land area of Olongapo is 103.3 square kilometers (39.9 sq mi). The city proper is located on 6.48 square kilometers (2.50 sq mi) of tidal flatland, with the rugged Zambales Mountains on its three sides, and Bataan and Subic Bay at its base. Because of this peculiar geographic location, development of city land is limited. Also, the territorial borders from nearby towns are not properly marked.[40]

Climate

[edit]
Climate data for Olongapo (weather station located in Subic, Zambales) 1992–2010, extremes recorded in Naval Air Station Cubi Point 1994–2012
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 35.2
(95.4) 		38.0
(100.4) 		36.5
(97.7) 		38.2
(100.8) 		38.8
(101.8) 		37.7
(99.9) 		36.2
(97.2) 		35.0
(95.0) 		35.7
(96.3) 		35.3
(95.5) 		34.7
(94.5) 		34.4
(93.9) 		38.8
(101.8)
Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 31.2
(88.2) 		32.1
(89.8) 		33.5
(92.3) 		34.5
(94.1) 		33.1
(91.6) 		31.7
(89.1) 		30.9
(87.6) 		30.4
(86.7) 		30.7
(87.3) 		31.6
(88.9) 		31.7
(89.1) 		31.0
(87.8) 		31.9
(89.4)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.8
(80.2) 		27.4
(81.3) 		28.5
(83.3) 		29.6
(85.3) 		29.1
(84.4) 		28.2
(82.8) 		27.7
(81.9) 		27.4
(81.3) 		27.5
(81.5) 		27.9
(82.2) 		27.8
(82.0) 		27.1
(80.8) 		27.9
(82.2)
Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 22.5
(72.5) 		22.7
(72.9) 		23.6
(74.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		25.1
(77.2) 		24.8
(76.6) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.4
(75.9) 		24.3
(75.7) 		24.2
(75.6) 		23.9
(75.0) 		23.2
(73.8) 		24.0
(75.2)
Record low °C (°F) 17.9
(64.2) 		18.7
(65.7) 		19.8
(67.6) 		21.5
(70.7) 		21.5
(70.7) 		19.0
(66.2) 		20.0
(68.0) 		21.4
(70.5) 		21.0
(69.8) 		20.6
(69.1) 		20.6
(69.1) 		18.5
(65.3) 		17.9
(64.2)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 6.0
(0.24) 		4.2
(0.17) 		16.1
(0.63) 		22.5
(0.89) 		416.8
(16.41) 		385.7
(15.19) 		759.7
(29.91) 		753.5
(29.67) 		695.8
(27.39) 		214.5
(8.44) 		81.9
(3.22) 		21.9
(0.86) 		3,378.6
(133.02)
Average rainy days (≥ 0.1 mm) 2 1 3 3 12 17 23 24 21 13 8 5 132
Average relative humidity (%) 67 66 65 65 73 78 81 81 82 77 73 68 73
Source: PAGASA[41][42]

Olongapo has a tropical monsoon climate (Köppen climate classification: Am).[43] Temperatures are relatively cooler during the months of December, January and February, and increase slightly from March to May, which are the warmest months of the year in this part of the Philippines.

The months of December to April are extremely dry but the wet season persists for the remaining period in a year. In August, the monthly rainfall total even reaches 40.87 millimeters (1.609 inches).

The city receives an average of 3,375 millimetres (132.9 in) rainfall every year. Temperatures range from an average of around 26.3 degrees Celsius (79.3 degrees Fahrenheit) degrees in January to around 29.4 °C (84.9 °F) in April.

Barangays

[edit]
Business district in Olongapo which includes the barangays of Asinan, East Tapinac, New Kalalake, and Pag-asa

Olongapo is politically subdivided into 17 barangays. [44] Each barangay consists of puroks and some have sitios.

  • Barretto
  • East Bajac-bajac
  • East Tapinac
  • Gordon Heights
  • Kalaklan
  • Mabayuan
  • New Asinan
  • New Banicain
  • New Cabalan
  • New Ilalim
  • New Kababae
  • New Kalalake
  • Old Cabalan
  • Pag-asa
  • Santa Rita
  • West Bajac-bajac
  • West Tapinac

Demographics

[edit]
Population census of Olongapo
YearPop.±% p.a.
1960 45,330—    
1970 107,785+9.04%
1975 147,109+6.44%
1980 156,430+1.24%
1990 193,327+2.14%
1995 179,754−1.35%
2000 194,260+1.68%
2007 227,270+2.19%
2010 221,178−0.98%
2015 233,040+1.00%
2020 260,317+2.20%
Source: Philippine Statistics Authority[45][46][47][48]

In the 2020 census, the population of Olongapo, was 260,317 people,[7] with a density of 1,400 inhabitants per square kilometer or 3,600 inhabitants per square mile.

Language

[edit]

The city's population speaks a wide array of the nation's main languages, specifically: Tagalog, Sambal, Kapampangan, Pangasinan and Ilocano. The phenomenon of mixing native languages with English (e.g. Taglish, a mixture of Tagalog and English) is also common, especially amongst the youth. Many more languages are also spoken from other denominations of people.

Religion

[edit]
Saint Joseph Parish Church

Majority of the people of Olongapo are Roman Catholics, followed by members of the Iglesia ni Cristo. Protestants, Evangelicals, Born Again, Jehovah's Witnesses, Mormons, Members Church of God International, Nichiren Buddhism (Sokka Gakkai International), United Methodist Church, and Islam are also present.

Vicariate

[edit]

The ten Roman Catholic Parishes of Olongapo City is grouped as the Vicariate of San Jose and is under the Roman Catholic Diocese of Iba. The Parishes are namely:

  • St. Joseph Parish (1920) in Barangay East Bajac-Bajac
  • St. Columban Parish (1963) in Barangay New Asinan
  • Santa Rita Parish (1967) in Barangay Santa Rita
  • Holy Trinity Parish (1975) in Barangay New Cabalan
  • St. Anne Parish (1985) in Brgy Gordon Heights
  • Immaculate Conception Parish (1986) in Barangay Barretto
  • San Lorenzo Ruiz Parish (1991) in Barangay New Kalalake
  • Holy Family Parish (1992) in Barangay Kalaklan
  • St. Vincent de Paul Quasi-Parish in Barangay Old Cabalan
  • San Roque Quasi-Parish in the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Government

[edit]

Local government

[edit]
Main article: Sangguniang Panglungsod
Olongapo City Hall
Former flag of the city
Seal of the city, NHCP version.

As highly urbanized city in the province of Zambales, only the city government officials are voted by the electorates of the city. The provincial government has no political jurisdiction over local transactions of the city government. Residents of this city are not allowed to run in the provincial level except for congress representation which the city of Olongapo forms part of Zambales's 1st congressional district.

The city of Olongapo is governed by a City Mayor designated as its Local Chief Executive and by a City Council as its Legislative body in accordance with the Local Government Code. Both the Mayor and the ten City Councilors are elected directly by the people through an election which is being held every three years.

Barangays are also headed by elected officials: Barangay Captain, Barangay Council, whose members are called Barangay Councilors. The barangays have SK federation which represents the barangay, headed by SK chairperson and whose members are called SK councilors. All officials are also elected every three years.

Mayors

[edit]

The following is the list of all Mayors that ruled Olongapo after World War II:

Name Term Position
Ruben Geronimo November 1959 – 1962 Municipal Mayor
Ildefonso Arriola 1962 – 1964 Municipal Mayor
James Gordon January 1, 1964 – June 1, 1966 Municipal Mayor
James Gordon June 1, 1966 – February 20, 1967 City Mayor
Jaime Guevarra February 20, 1967 – 1968 City Mayor
Amelia (née Juico) Gordon January 1, 1968 – June 30, 1972 City Mayor
Geronimo Lipumano[49] July 1972 – May 1980 City Mayor
Richard Gordon June 30, 1980 – April 23, 1986 City Mayor (1st term)
Teodoro Macapagal March 1986 – November 1987 OIC Mayor
Teodoro Macapagal November 1987 – January 1988 OIC Mayor
Richard Gordon February 2, 1988 – July 23, 1993 City Mayor (2nd term)
Cynthia Cajudo July 23, 1993 – March 21, 1995 City Mayor
Rexy Gregorio Cruz March 22, 1995 – June 30, 1995 City Mayor (Acting)
Katherine Gordon June 30, 1995 – June 30, 2004 City Mayor
James Gordon, Jr. June 30, 2004 – June 30, 2013 City Mayor
Rolen Calixto Paulino Sr. June 30, 2013 – September 3, 2018 City Mayor
Lugie Lipumano-Garcia September 3, 2018 – March 3, 2019 OIC Mayor
Rolen Calixto Paulino Sr. March 3, 2019 – June 30, 2019 City Mayor
Rolen Co Paulino Jr. June 30, 2019 – present City Mayor

Congress representation

[edit]

Olongapo, belongs to the 1st District of Zambales.

Public safety

[edit]

Fire and rescue service

[edit]

The City Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Office (known as Olongapo City DRRMO are government agency which umbrella to the city government and the national government such as National Disaster Risk Reduction and Management Council (NDRRMC), Department of National Defense (DND) and Department of the Interior and Local Government (DILG). This Agency have its well trained Rescue Service, have its own Fire and Rescue equipment and Emergency Response Service for any kind of disasters. it has a capability that they adopt from the American servicemen from the Former US Naval Base. the DRRMO are separated from Olongapo City Fire Station (OCFS) under the Bureau of Fire Protection (DILG-BFP) with its same capability usual to other fire services.

The city has its own Barangay Fire Services use as first responder in their respective communities. Another fire and rescue service was from the nearest Subic Bay Freeport Zone under its own fire department controlled by Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority with finest trained personnel and rescue equipment abandoned by the Americans similar to DRRMO. The Philippines oldest fire truck made by Americans respond to notable disasters such as the 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo, the Fukushima disaster cleanup in 2011 and Typhoon Haiyan search and rescue operations in 2013.

Crime and law enforcement

[edit]

The city has six different police stations under control by Olongapo City Police Office (OCPO) and was umbrella to Philippine National Police (PNP). The city police main garrison was on Camp Cabal (also known in locals as "164") at Barangay Barretto. Additional policy implementation agency is controlled by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority - Law Enforcement Department (SBMA-LED) which securing the coastal waters of Subic Bay and its nearby Freeport Zone under Republic Act 7227 (it is known as "SBMA Police").

Contrary to traffic enforcement, the city has separate law enforcement which is the Office of the Traffic Management and Public Safety (OTMPS). The office focuses on implementation of color coded transport scheme, security of government-owned establishment, organizing public market, and providing traffic enforcement safety which was mandated parallel and coordinated to Land Transportation Office.

Infrastructure

[edit]
Harbor Point at the Olongapo portion of the Subic Bay Freeport

Transportation

[edit]

Airport

[edit]

There are no airports in Olongapo itself although Subic Bay International Airport in the adjacent town of Morong, Bataan serves the general area of Olongapo. The airport is within the Subic Bay Freeport Zone and was formerly known as Naval Air Station Cubi Point, when it was still an airbase of the United States.

Sea Port

[edit]
Ship docked at Alava Wharf, Port of Subic Bay, Olongapo.

Olongapo is served by the Port of Subic Bay, operated and managed by the Subic Bay Metropolitan Authority. Some facilities of the seaport are located on the Olongapo portion of the Subic Freeport Zone namely the Alava, Bravo, and Rivera Wharves.

Roads

[edit]

The city has an organized road network, featuring a series of rectangular street grids. The primary road that connects Olongapo to the rest of the other is the Jose Abad Santos Avenue. In the city's main district, the names of those streets running from North to South follow the English alphabet's order. While streets running East to West are numbered from 1st to 27th, starting from the South parallel and up. Even streets are on the East side of the city while the odd streets are on the West. Most of the roads in Olongapo are made of concrete and asphalt.

Public transportation

[edit]
Vehicles including public jeepneys along Maharlika Highway in front of the public market.

The city boasts its color-coded public transportation system which it has pioneered in the country. All public utility jeepneys and tricycles have its own color code depending on the district, zone or route that it is serving. Taxi services are also operated in the city but are limited.

Bus Terminals

[edit]

Victory Liner and Saulog Transit are the leading bus operators having their own terminals in the city which transports people in and out of the city. Local bus terminals are also present and are primarily used for transportation in neighboring towns and inside the Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Road infrastructure
[edit]

Olongapo is accessible through the National Highway (via Zigzag Road) from Hermosa and Dinalupihan, Bataan. The National Highway cuts through the city center and goes through north up to Barangay Barreto and then on to the neighboring town of Subic, and the rest of the towns in Zambales up to Pangasinan province. Another access to the city is via SCTEX and Subic Freeport Expressway exiting to the gates of Subic Bay Freeport Zone and also, from the south, Morong, Bataan (via Balanga, Bataan) through the Morong gate of Subic Bay Freeport Zone.

Public Utilities

[edit]

Electricity

[edit]

Electricity services were formerly provided by the government-run Public Utilities Department (PUD) since the city was founded. However, in the late 2000s, the city faced debt in its electricity distribution costs amounting to P5 billion to power suppliers and threatened to cut the city from the Luzon power grid. Then Mayor James Gordon Jr. also attributed the crisis to low collection rate due to nonpayment or debts incurred by consumers, widespread energy theft and corruption in the PUD. The situation worsened because of interests imposed by Private Sector Assets and Liabilities Management Corp. (PSALM), the refusal of the Energy Regulatory Commission (ERC) to grant an increase in power rates, and the years of delay in the PUD's privatization.[50]

In 2013, through Republic Act No. 10373, the PUD was sold for Php 610 million to Olongapo Electricity Distribution Company (OEDC), an affiliate of Cagayan Electric Power and Light Company (CEPALCO), which was given a 25-year franchise to take over the city's power distributor. The company has since upgraded the city's obsolete and dilapidated distribution network and has made significant improvements to the city's electricity services.[51]

Water

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Water services are provided by Subic Water and Sewerage Company (also known as Subic Water. Not to be confused with Subic Water District (SWD), which is a different water distribution company serving the neighboring towns of Subic, Zambales.). In 2013, the city's shares in Subic Water has been sold to Maynilad Water Services Inc. (Maynilad) to continue modernizing the city's water utilities services.[52] In March 2016, this was reversed and the city has bought back its shares because the city wanted to have a representation in Subic Water because the city's constituents accounted for the majority of Subic Water's customers.

Environment

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Olongapo is home to a number of important Philippine species, including the endangered Philippine hawk-eagle (Nisaetus philippensis),[53] and the Olive ridley sea turtle (Lepidochelys olivacea).[54]

Notable People

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Sister cities

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Olongapo has the following sister cities:

References

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  1. ^ "AUICK Newsletter No.54 AUICK News". Asian Urban Information Center of Kobe. 2010. Archived from the original on April 14, 2019. Retrieved April 14, 2019. The City Council of Olongapo recently passed an ordinance adopting the title "City of Volunteers" for Olongapo City, to reflect its strong community-based volunteerism.
  2. ^ Songco, Pauline (August 13, 2018). "Gift of a legacy". Daily Tribune. Archived from the original on August 15, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019.
  3. ^ "Intense race to City Hall in Olongapo". The Manila Times. February 2, 2016. Archived from the original on July 11, 2018. Retrieved April 14, 2019. Paulino, on the other hand, is banking on his growing popularity as a friendly, easy to approach city mayor and his slogan "Transparency and Good Governance" to extend his stay as the city's chief executive.
  4. ^ a b "Olongapo City – Brief History".
  5. ^  City of Olongapo | (DILG)
  6. ^ "2015 Census of Population, Report No. 3 – Population, Land Area, and Population Density" (PDF). Philippine Statistics Authority. Quezon City, Philippines. August 2016. ISSN 0117-1453. Archived (PDF) from the original on May 25, 2021. Retrieved July 16, 2021.
  7. ^ a b c Census of Population (2020). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved July 8, 2021.
  8. ^ "PSA Releases the 2021 City and Municipal Level Poverty Estimates". Philippine Statistics Authority. April 2, 2024. Retrieved April 28, 2024.
  9. ^ "Building Globally Competitive Metro Areas in the Philippines" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on October 4, 2013.
  10. ^ a b c d "The Olongapo Story".
  11. ^ "Olongapo City Barangay and History". November 14, 2009.
  12. ^ "History of Olongapo City".[dead link]
  13. ^ "History of Subic Bay and Olongapo City". Archived from the original on March 13, 2012. Retrieved December 13, 2011.
  14. ^ Subic Bay History – 1940's. Subicbaypi.com (April 8, 1942). Retrieved on July 28, 2013.
  15. ^ "World War II". Olongapo City Official Website.
  16. ^ a b Anderson, Gerald Subic Bay from Magellan to Pinatubo: The History of the U.S. Naval Station Subic Bay Gerald Anderson (2009); ISBN 1441444521 pp. 130–138
  17. ^ a b "World Bank – Olongapo Profile" (PDF).
  18. ^ Robles, Raissa (2016). Marcos Martial Law: Never Again. Filipinos for a Better Philippines, Inc.
  19. ^ https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/edsa/the-ph-protest/ [bare URL]
  20. ^ Balbosa, Joven Zamoras (1992). "IMF Stabilization Program and Economic Growth: The Case of the Philippines" (PDF). Journal of Philippine Development. XIX (35). Archived from the original (PDF) on September 21, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2022.
  21. ^ Balisacan, A. M.; Hill, Hal (2003). The Philippine Economy: Development, Policies, and Challenges. Oxford University Press. ISBN 9780195158984.
  22. ^ Cororaton, Cesar B. "Exchange Rate Movements in the Philippines". DPIDS Discussion Paper Series 97-05: 3, 19.
  23. ^ Celoza, Albert F. (1997). Ferdinand Marcos and the Philippines: The Political Economy of Authoritarianism. Greenwood Publishing Group. ISBN 9780275941376.
  24. ^ Schirmer, Daniel B. (1987). The Philippines reader : a history of colonialism, neocolonialism, dictatorship, and resistance (1st ed.). Boston: South End Press. ISBN 0896082768. OCLC 14214735.
  25. ^ Kessler, Richard J. (1989). Rebellion and repression in the Philippines. New Haven: Yale University Press. ISBN 0300044062. OCLC 19266663.
  26. ^ Magno, Alexander R., ed. (1998). "Democracy at the Crossroads". Kasaysayan, The Story of the Filipino People Volume 9:A Nation Reborn. Hong Kong: Asia Publishing Company Limited.
  27. ^ "Alfred McCoy, Dark Legacy: Human rights under the Marcos regime". Ateneo de Manila University. September 20, 1999.
  28. ^ Abinales, P.N.; Amoroso, Donna J. (2005). State and society in the Philippines. Lanham, MD: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-0742510234. OCLC 57452454.
  29. ^ "Gone too soon: 7 youth leaders killed under Martial Law". Rappler. Retrieved June 15, 2018.
  30. ^ a b c Tucker, Spencer C. The Encyclopedia of the Vietnam War: A Political, Social, and Military History (2011); ISBN 1851099611 pg. 863
  31. ^ Paz, J. C. Pipe Dream for the Ladies: Constructs of Rights of Prostituted Women among Social Actors in the Sex Industry of Olongapo City, Zambales
  32. ^ a b c Thanh-Dam Truong, Sex, Money, and Morality: Prostitution and Tourism in South-east Asia (London: Zed Books, 1990)
  33. ^ a b c Santos, P. (2015). Sexuality, Gender, and US Imperialism after Philippine Independence: An Examination of Gender and Sexual Stereotypes of Pilipina Entertainment Workers and US Servicemen.
  34. ^ Sherwood, John Afterburner: Naval Aviators and the Vietnam War NYU Press (2004) ISBN 081479842X pp.27–28
  35. ^ "LIBERTY CALL: Olongapo City". Dennis Clevenger. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  36. ^ "Olongapo". Dave Payson. Retrieved August 3, 2012.
  37. ^ a b "Twin Disasters- Olongapo City Official Website".
  38. ^ "200,000–250,000 or More Military Filipino Amerasians Alive Today in Republic of the Philippines according to USA-RP Joint Research Paper Finding" (PDF). Amerasian Research Network, Ltd. (Press release). November 5, 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016.
  39. ^ Kutschera, P. C.; Caputi, Marie A. (October 2012). "The Case for Categorization of Military Filipino Amerasians as Diaspora" (PDF) (Academic paper presented at 9th International Conference on the Philippines (ICOPHIL-9)). E. Lansing, Mich.: Michigan State University. Archived from the original (PDF) on November 1, 2013. Retrieved July 11, 2016 – via AmerasianResearch.org.
  40. ^ "Philippines Travel and Hotel Guide".
  41. ^ "Subic, Zambales Climatological Normal Values". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  42. ^ "Cubi Point Subic, Olongapo Climatological Extremes". Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration. Archived from the original on October 18, 2018. Retrieved October 18, 2018.
  43. ^ "Average Weather For Subic Bay Freeport Zone, Philippines". Retrieved May 11, 2013.
  44. ^ "Province: Zambales". PSGC Interactive. Quezon City, Philippines: Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved November 12, 2016.
  45. ^ Census of Population (2015). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. Philippine Statistics Authority. Retrieved June 20, 2016.
  46. ^ Census of Population and Housing (2010). "Region III (Central Luzon)" (PDF). Total Population by Province, City, Municipality and Barangay. National Statistics Office. Retrieved June 29, 2016.
  47. ^ Censuses of Population (1903–2007). "Region III (Central Luzon)". Table 1. Population Enumerated in Various Censuses by Province/Highly Urbanized City: 1903 to 2007. National Statistics Office.
  48. ^ "Province of Zambales". Municipality Population Data. Local Water Utilities Administration Research Division. Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  49. ^ Sison, Bebot (May 17, 2013). "Gordons lose; Payumos fall in Bataan". The Philippine Star. Retrieved August 21, 2014. The only other time that a Gordon was defeated in an election was in 1970 when Geronimo Lipumano won by a landslide against the late Amelia Gordon, the mother of Dick Gordon.
  50. ^ Gonzaga, Robert. "Olongapo's power debt burden". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  51. ^ "Aquino signs law on Olongapo power privatization". Philippine Daily Inquirer. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  52. ^ "Olongapo sells 10% of Subic Water to Maynilad". Rappler. Retrieved July 3, 2016.
  53. ^ "Endangered Philippine hawk-eagle rescued in Olongapo". February 8, 2021.
  54. ^ https://www.pna.gov.ph/articles/1124748 [bare URL]
  55. ^ City Council and Community Development Commission of National City, CA. "MINUTES OF THE REGULAR MEETING OF THE CITY COUNCIL AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT COMMISSION OF NATIONAL CITY, CALIFORNIA". Retrieved December 17, 2016.
  56. ^ "Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach". Sister Cities Association of Virginia Beach. Retrieved March 31, 2016.
[edit]
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