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Trebaruna

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Trebaruna, also Treborunnis and possibly *Trebarunu, was a Lusitanian deity, probably a goddess. Trebaruna's cult was located in the cultural area of Gallaecia and Lusitania (in the territory of modern Galicia (Spain) and Portugal).

Names

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Her name also appears as Trebarune, Trebaronna, Trebarone, Trebaronne and Trebaroni.[1][2][3]

Spanish historian José María Blázquez Martínez [es] also lists the following name attestations for the deity:[4]

Etymology

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Her name could be derived from the Celtic *trebo ('home') and *runa ('secret, mystery').[5] Spanish philologist Antonio Tovar suggested that, like the first part of name Trebopala, this goddess could have been connected to the community.[6] Jürgen Untermann states that the names of this deity are found in the dative case, suggesting a nominative form like *Trebaru or *Trebaro.[7]

Epigraphic evidence

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Tovar listed three inscriptions wherein their name is attested: one from Idanha-a-Velha, a second from Coria and the third from Lardosa.[8]

Two small altars dedicated to this goddess were found in Portugal, one in Roman-Lusitanian Egitania (current Idanha-a-Velha) and another in Lardosa. The Tavares Proença Regional Museum in Castelo Branco now contains the altar from Lardosa. It was located in an area where the people from a Castro settlement founded a Roman-Lusitanian villa. This altar used to hold a statue of the goddess which has since been lost. Nevertheless, it still preserves this inscription: TREBARONNE V(otum) S(Olvit) OCONUS OCONIS f(ilius) which translates as: Oconus, son of Oco, has fulfilled the vow to Trebaruna.[9]

A name Trebarune (probably in the dative case) also appears on the inscription of Cabeço das Fráguas as a divinity receiving a sacrifice of a sheep.

In an inscription from Fundão in Portugal, a deity Trebarune is invoked by a Toncius Toncetani:[10]

Ara(m) pos(uit) Toncius Toncetani f(ilius) Icaedit(anus) milis Trebarun(a)e l(ibens) m(erito) v(otum) s(olvit)

José d'Encarnação lists an inscription from the Roman villa of Freiria (Cascais) (found on August 27, 1985), where a Triborunnis is invoked - a possible reference to this deity.[11] The component Tribo- he interprets as cognate to PIE *treb-.[12][13]

A more recent inscription from Capera is a dedicatory epigraphy by a person named Marcus Fidius to Augusta Trebaruna.[14]

Possible role

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José Leite de Vasconcellos suggested that Trebaruna was a war goddess, since he found a second votive altar by the same person (Toncius Toncetami), dedicated to Roman goddess Victoria.[15]

Based on a possible etymology of her name, it seems she was a protector or protectress of property, home, and families.[16] In the same vein, Olivares Pedreños cited positions by d'Arbois de Jubainville and Lambrino that interpret her as a protectress of the group or tribe.[17]

Legacy

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Following the announcement in 1895 by José Leite de Vasconcelos of the discovery of Trebaruna as a new theonym, a poem celebrating this was published which likened Trebaruna to the Roman Victoria.[18] She has recently[19] become, among neopagans, a goddess of battles and alliances.[20] The Portuguese metal-band Moonspell composed a song called "Trebaruna" which is a celebration of the goddess.

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Tovar, Antonio (1966). "L'inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". Études Celtiques. 11 (2): 256. doi:10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167..
  2. ^ Prósper, Blanca (1994). "El teónimo paleohispano Trebarune". Veleia. 11. Vitoria-Gasteiz: 187. ISSN 0213-2095..
  3. ^ Untermann, Jürgen (2010). "Las divinidades del Cabeço das Fráguas y la gramática de la lengua lusitana". In: Actas de las jornadas Porcom, oilam, taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o santuário no seu contexto, celebradas en Guarda (Portugal) el 23 de abril de 2010. Revista Iberografias 6 (2010): 82. ISSN 1646-2858.
  4. ^ Blázquez, José Mª. Arte Y Religión En El Mediterráneo Antiguo. Ediciones Cátedra, 2008. p. 126.
  5. ^ Mees, Bernard (2014). "The etymology of "rune"". Beiträge zur Geschichte der deutschen Sprache und Literatur. 136 (4): 530. doi:10.1515/bgsl-2014-0046. ISSN 0005-8076. S2CID 161293341..
  6. ^ Tovar, Antonio. "L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 2, 1966. pp. 256. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1966_num_11_2_2167
  7. ^ Untermann, Jürgen (2010). "Las divinidades del Cabeço das Fráguas y la gramática de la lengua lusitana". In: Actas de las jornadas Porcom, oilam, taurom. Cabeço das Fráguas: o santuário no seu contexto, celebradas en Guarda (Portugal) el 23 de abril de 2010. Revista Iberografias 6 (2010): 82-83. ISSN 1646-2858.
  8. ^ Tovar, Antonio. "L’inscription du Cabeço das Fráguas et la langue des Lusitaniens". In: Etudes Celtiques, vol. 11, fascicule 2, 1966. pp. 255. DOI: https://doi.org/10.3406/ecelt.1966.2167; www.persee.fr/doc/ecelt_0373-1928_1966_num_11_2_2167
  9. ^ O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, pp. 165-166.
  10. ^ Jud, J. "MOTS D'ORIGINE GAULOISE?". In: Romania 47, no. 188 (1921): 495 (footnote nr. 1). Accessed July 29, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/45044435. www.persee.fr/doc/roma_0035-8029_1921_num_47_188_4452
  11. ^ "Lusitanie". In: L'Année épigraphique 1985 (1988): 133. Accessed July 30, 2021. http://www.jstor.org/stable/25607451.
  12. ^ Encarnação, José d'. "O ex-voto à divindade Triborunnis". In: Kairós (Boletim do Centro de Estudos de Arqueologia, Artes e Ciências do Património) Nº. 4 - Inverno de 2019. pp. 78-80. http://hdl.handle.net/10316/88700
  13. ^ Encarnação, José d' (2019). "Epigrafia romana no concelho de Cascais". In: Lisboa Romana – Felicitas Iulia Olisipo – Monumentos Epigráficos. p. 131. ISBN 978-989-658-608-9.
  14. ^ Mora, Noelia Cases (2021). "Inscripción dedicada a Augusta Trebaruna en Capera (Oliva de Plasencia, Cáceres)". Boletín del Archivo Epigráfico. 7: 68–75. ISSN 2603-9117..
  15. ^ Vasconcellos, José de. "Cultos luso-romanos em Idegitania". In: O Archeologo Português. Vol. 1, N. 9. Setembro de 1895. pp. 225-232.
  16. ^ O Archeologo Português, 1/29, 1933, p. 163.
  17. ^ Olivares Pedreño, Juan Carlos. Los dioses de la hispania céltica. Universitat d´Alacant / Universidad de Alicante, Servicio de Publicaciones: Real Academia de la Historia. 2002. p. 245. ISBN 84-95983-00-1.
  18. ^ Trebaruna, deusa Lusitana, ode heroica, José Leite de Vasconcelos, Barcelos : Typographia da Aurora do Cavado (1895)
  19. ^ O que é a Pagan Federation? Archived 2009-03-25 at the Wayback Machine
  20. ^ Pagan Federation Portugal Archived 2008-09-06 at the Wayback Machine

Bibliography

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Further reading

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