Foreign relations of Poland
The Republic of Poland is a Central European country and member of the European Union and NATO, among others. Poland wields considerable influence in Central and Eastern Europe and is a middle power in international affairs. The foreign policy of Poland is based on four basic commitments: to Atlantic co-operation, to European integration, to international development and to international law.
The Polish economy is fairly open and relies strongly on international trade. Since the collapse of communism and its re-establishment as a democratic nation, Poland has extended its responsibilities and position in European and Western affairs, supporting and establishing friendly foreign relations with both the West and with numerous European countries.
The Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Poland) looks after the foreign relations of Poland. As of May 2024 the ministry was held by Radoslaw Sikorski.
History
[edit]Foreign policy topics are covered in the history articles:
- History of Poland
- History of Poland in the Early Modern era (1569–1795)
- History of Poland (1795–1918), when it was split three ways between Germany, Russia and Austria and had no foreign policy
- Duchy of Warsaw (1807–1815) a semi-independent country
- History of Poland during World War I
- History of Poland (1918–1939)
- History of Poland (1939–1945)
- History of Poland (1945–1989)
- History of Poland (1989–present)
Integration with the West and Europe
[edit]After regaining independence in 1989, Poland has ahead on its economic reintegration with the Western world.[1] Poland also has been an active nation in advocating European integration.
In 1994, Poland became an associate member of the European Union (EU) and its defensive arm, the Western European Union (WEU). In 1996, Poland achieved full OECD membership and submitted preliminary documentation for full EU membership.
Poland formally joined the European Union in May 2004, along with the other members of the Visegrád Group.
NATO membership
[edit]Włodzimierz Cimoszewicz told a 2014 audience at the Wilson Center that Poland sought to join NATO as early as 1992.[2]
In 1997, Poland was invited in the first wave of NATO enlargement at the July 1997 NATO Madrid summit. In March 1999, Poland became a full member of NATO. Poland promoted its NATO candidacy through energetic participation in the Partnership for Peace (PfP) program and through intensified individual dialogue with NATO.
Poland was a part of the multinational force in Iraq.
Diplomatic relations
[edit]List of countries which Poland maintains diplomatic relations with:[3]
# | Country | Date |
---|---|---|
1 | Italy | 27 February 1919[4] |
2 | Belgium | 6 March 1919[5] |
3 | Switzerland | 12 March 1919[6] |
4 | Greece | 13 March 1919[7] |
5 | Japan | 22 March 1919[8] |
6 | France | 2 April 1919[9] |
7 | United States | 2 May 1919[10] |
8 | Spain | 30 May 1919[11] |
— | Holy See | 6 June 1919[12] |
9 | Romania | 22 June 1919[13] |
10 | Netherlands | 4 July 1919[14] |
11 | United Kingdom | 15 July 1919[15] |
12 | Sweden | 2 August 1919[16] |
13 | Norway | 25 August 1919[17] |
14 | Denmark | 8 September 1919[18] |
15 | Serbia | 19 September 1919[19] |
16 | Finland | 7 February 1920[20] |
17 | Czech Republic | 23 March 1920[21] |
18 | Brazil | 27 May 1920[22] |
19 | Uruguay | 22 July 1920[23] |
20 | Paraguay | 12 August 1920[23] |
21 | Chile | 7 December 1920[24] |
22 | Latvia | 27 January 1921[25] |
23 | Luxembourg | 18 April 1921[26] |
24 | Russia | 27 April 1921[27] |
25 | Estonia | 4 May 1921[28] |
26 | Austria | 6 September 1921[23] |
27 | Bulgaria | 6 September 1921[23] |
28 | Hungary | 17 November 1921[23] |
29 | Portugal | 13 May 1922[29] |
30 | Argentina | 19 July 1922[30] |
31 | Turkey | 23 July 1923[31] |
32 | Peru | 6 September 1923[32] |
33 | Egypt | 1927[33] |
34 | Iran | 19 March 1927[34] |
35 | Afghanistan | 3 November 1927[35] |
36 | Mexico | 26 February 1928[36] |
37 | Iraq | 22 December 1932[37] |
38 | Cuba | 1 January 1933[38] |
39 | Colombia | 18 November 1933[39] |
40 | Costa Rica | 18 November 1933[39] |
41 | Dominican Republic | 18 November 1933[39] |
42 | Ecuador | 18 November 1933[40] |
43 | El Salvador | 18 November 1933[39] |
44 | Guatemala | 18 November 1933[39] |
45 | Haiti | 18 November 1933[39] |
46 | Honduras | 18 November 1933[39] |
47 | Nicaragua | 18 November 1933[39] |
48 | Panama | 18 November 1933[39] |
49 | Venezuela | 18 November 1933[39] |
50 | Bolivia | 3 September 1935[41] |
51 | Albania | 7 April 1937[42] |
52 | Lithuania | 19 March 1938[43] |
53 | Canada | 9 February 1942[44] |
54 | Ethiopia | 1 September 1943[45] |
55 | Lebanon | 1 August 1944[46] |
56 | Syria | 18 September 1945 |
57 | Iceland | 14 January 1946 |
58 | Israel | 19 May 1948 |
59 | North Korea | 16 October 1948[47] |
60 | China | 7 October 1949[48] |
61 | Vietnam | 4 February 1950[49] |
62 | Mongolia | 14 April 1950[50] |
63 | India | 30 March 1954[51] |
64 | Indonesia | 19 September 1955[52] |
65 | Myanmar | 9 November 1955 |
66 | Sudan | 4 April 1956 |
67 | Cambodia | 24 April 1956[53] |
68 | Sri Lanka | 18 April 1957[54] |
69 | Yemen | 21 December 1957[55] |
70 | Guinea | 29 June 1959[56] |
71 | Morocco | 7 July 1959[57] |
72 | Tunisia | 15 November 1959[58] |
73 | Nepal | 24 November 1959[59] |
74 | Ghana | 31 December 1959[60] |
75 | Cyprus | 15 January 1961[61] |
76 | Democratic Republic of the Congo | 12 February 1961 |
77 | Mali | 12 May 1961 |
78 | Tanzania | 14 January 1962[53] |
79 | Algeria | 2 May 1962 |
80 | Nigeria | 30 May 1962[62] |
81 | Benin | 14 June 1962 |
82 | Senegal | 18 June 1962 |
83 | Somalia | 10 July 1962[53] |
84 | Burundi | 8 August 1962[63] |
85 | Laos | 8 September 1962 |
86 | Sierra Leone | 9 November 1962 |
87 | Pakistan | 17 December 1962[64] |
88 | Togo | 26 December 1962 |
89 | Uganda | 8 April 1963 |
90 | Kuwait | 17 May 1963 |
91 | Libya | 2 December 1963[65] |
92 | Kenya | 13 December 1963[66] |
93 | Jordan | 20 February 1964[67] |
94 | Rwanda | 10 July 1965[68] |
95 | Mauritania | 3 December 1965[69] |
96 | Zambia | 30 June 1966 |
97 | Burkina Faso | 13 June 1968 |
98 | Singapore | 12 April 1969[70] |
99 | Central African Republic | 15 January 1970[71] |
100 | Malaysia | 21 June 1971[72] |
101 | Niger | 30 June 1971 |
102 | Malta | 23 October 1971[73] |
103 | Bangladesh | 12 January 1972[74] |
104 | Australia | 20 February 1972[75] |
105 | Cameroon | 14 March 1972[76] |
106 | Guyana | 10 July 1972[77] |
107 | Germany | 14 September 1972[78] |
108 | Thailand | 14 November 1972[79] |
109 | Republic of the Congo | 19 December 1972[80] |
110 | New Zealand | 28 February 1973 |
111 | Liberia | 30 May 1973[81] |
112 | Philippines | 22 September 1973[82] |
113 | Guinea-Bissau | 3 October 1973[83] |
114 | Madagascar | 28 November 1973 |
115 | Ivory Coast | 9 June 1974 |
116 | Jamaica | 4 November 1974 |
117 | Gambia | 21 January 1975[84] |
118 | Mozambique | 25 June 1975[85] |
119 | Angola | 25 November 1975 |
120 | Cape Verde | 12 February 1976[86] |
121 | Ireland | 30 September 1976[87] |
122 | Gabon | 16 October 1976[88] |
123 | Comoros | 6 June 1977[89] |
124 | Papua New Guinea | 10 February 1978[90] |
125 | São Tomé and Príncipe | 20 November 1978[91] |
126 | Botswana | 22 November 1978[92] |
127 | Lesotho | 20 December 1978[93] |
128 | Chad | 5 January 1979 |
129 | Seychelles | 14 February 1979 |
130 | Mauritius | 30 April 1979 |
131 | Equatorial Guinea | 29 May 1979[94] |
132 | Djibouti | 24 February 1980[95] |
133 | Grenada | 2 June 1980[96] |
134 | Zimbabwe | 18 February 1981 |
135 | Maldives | 1 October 1984[92] |
136 | Vanuatu | 15 November 1986[97] |
— | State of Palestine | 11 April 1989[98] |
137 | United Arab Emirates | 4 September 1989 |
138 | Qatar | 16 October 1989 |
139 | South Korea | 1 November 1989[99] |
140 | Oman | 24 January 1990[100] |
141 | Namibia | 21 March 1990[101] |
142 | Eswatini | 10 May 1990[92] |
— | Sovereign Military Order of Malta | 9 July 1990 |
143 | Bahrain | 22 April 1991 |
144 | Marshall Islands | 17 December 1991[92] |
145 | South Africa | 18 December 1991[102] |
146 | Ukraine | 4 January 1992[103] |
147 | Kyrgyzstan | 10 February 1992 |
148 | Tajikistan | 11 February 1992[104] |
149 | Azerbaijan | 21 February 1992[105] |
150 | Armenia | 26 February 1992[106] |
151 | Belarus | 2 March 1992[107] |
152 | Uzbekistan | 19 March 1992[108] |
153 | Kazakhstan | 6 April 1992 |
154 | Slovenia | 10 April 1992[109] |
155 | Croatia | 11 April 1992 |
156 | Georgia | 28 April 1992[110] |
157 | Malawi | 10 July 1992[111] |
158 | Moldova | 14 July 1992[112] |
159 | Liechtenstein | 5 September 1992 |
160 | Turkmenistan | 29 September 1992 |
161 | Slovakia | 1 January 1993[113] |
162 | Suriname | 24 May 1993[114] |
163 | Eritrea | 15 July 1993 |
164 | North Macedonia | 30 December 1993 |
165 | San Marino | 14 November 1994[115] |
166 | Belize | 2 May 1995[92] |
167 | Saudi Arabia | 3 May 1995[116] |
168 | Bosnia and Herzegovina | 22 December 1995[117] |
169 | Brunei | 20 March 1996[92] |
170 | Andorra | 15 May 1996 |
171 | Saint Vincent and the Grenadines | 16 May 1996[92] |
172 | Barbados | 13 September 1996[92] |
173 | Trinidad and Tobago | 13 August 1998[92] |
174 | Saint Lucia | 24 May 2000[92] |
175 | East Timor | 18 November 2002[118] |
176 | Bahamas | 19 November 2003[119] |
177 | Antigua and Barbuda | 13 September 2005[120] |
178 | Montenegro | 14 August 2006[121] |
179 | Monaco | 27 September 2007[122] |
180 | Dominica | 4 June 2009[92] |
181 | Saint Kitts and Nevis | 23 June 2009[92] |
182 | Palau | 27 January 2012[92] |
183 | Solomon Islands | 6 March 2012[92] |
184 | Samoa | 8 March 2012[92] |
185 | Bhutan | 29 November 2012[92] |
186 | South Sudan | 31 January 2013[123] |
187 | Fiji | 11 July 2014[92] |
188 | Nauru | 24 November 2014[124] |
189 | Kiribati | 2 March 2015[125] |
190 | Federated States of Micronesia | 6 March 2015[126] |
191 | Tuvalu | 4 May 2015[127] |
192 | Tonga | 29 August 2016[128] |
Bilateral relations
[edit]Multilateral
[edit]Organization | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
European Union | See Poland in the European Union
Poland joined the European Union as a full member on 1 May 2004. | |
NATO |
Poland joined NATO as a full member on 12 March 1999. |
Africa
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Algeria | See Algeria–Poland relations | |
Angola |
| |
Chad |
| |
Egypt | See Egypt–Poland relations
| |
Ethiopia | See Ethiopia–Poland relations
| |
Kenya | 13 December 1963 | See Kenya–Poland relations |
Libya | See Libya–Poland relations
| |
Madagascar |
| |
Mali | See Mali–Poland relations | |
Morocco | See Morocco–Poland relations
| |
Mozambique | 25 June 1975 |
|
Namibia | 21 March 1990 |
|
Nigeria | See Nigeria–Poland relations
| |
Senegal | See Poland–Senegal relations
| |
South Africa | 1988 | See Poland–South Africa relations
|
South Sudan | 31 January 2013 | See Poland–South Sudan relations |
Tanzania | 1961 | See Poland–Tanzania relations
|
Tunisia | See Poland–Tunisia relations
| |
Uganda | 1963 | See Poland–Uganda relations
|
Zambia | See Poland–Zambia relations |
Americas
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Argentina | 1920 | See Argentina–Poland relations
|
Belize | 2 May 1995 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on May 2, 1995.[130] |
Bolivia |
| |
Brazil | 27 May 1920 | See Brazil–Poland relations |
Canada | 1935 | See Canada–Poland relations
|
Chile | 1920 | See Chile–Poland relations |
Colombia | 1931 | See Colombia–Poland relations |
Cuba | 1933 | See Cuba–Poland relations
|
Ecuador |
| |
El Salvador |
| |
Guyana | 1972 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 June 1972.[136]
|
Haiti | See Haiti–Poland relations
| |
Honduras |
| |
Mexico | 26 February 1928 | See Mexico–Poland relations
|
Panama |
| |
Paraguay |
| |
Peru | 1923 | See Peru–Poland relations |
United States | See Poland–United States relations
A tighter security alliance with the United States was announced in the middle of the Georgian crisis as an agreement between the two countries was reached to allow the US to install and operate an interceptor missile defense shield, a move which Russia sees explicitly targeting it and which it stated made Poland "a legit military target".[141] A high-ranking Russian military official said: "Poland in deploying [the US system] opens itself to a nuclear strike".[142] | |
Uruguay | 22 July 1920 | See Poland–Uruguay relations
|
Venezuela | 1933 | See Poland–Venezuela relations
|
Asia
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Afghanistan | See Afghanistan–Poland relations
| |
Armenia | 1992-2-26[145] | See Armenia–Poland relations
|
Azerbaijan | 1992-02-21[148] | See Azerbaijan–Poland relations
|
Bangladesh | See Bangladesh–Poland relations
| |
China | 1919 | See China–Poland relations |
Georgia | 1992-04-28 | See Georgia–Poland relations
|
India | See India–Poland relations
Historically, relations have generally been close and friendly, characterized by understanding and cooperation on international front.[149] | |
Indonesia | See Indonesia–Poland relations
| |
Iran | See Iran–Poland relations
| |
Iraq | See Iraq–Poland relations
| |
Israel | 27 February 1990 | See Israel–Poland relations
Poland broke off relations with Israel after the Six-Day War of 1967, following most other countries of the Soviet Union controlled Eastern Bloc. Poland was the first Eastern bloc country to recognize Israel again in 1986. Full diplomatic relations have been reestablished in 1990, after the communist People's Republic of Poland was transformed into modern, democratic Poland. Government relations between Poland and Israel are steadily improving, resulting in the mutual visits of presidents and the ministers of foreign affairs.[152][153]
|
Japan | See Japan–Poland relations | |
Kazakhstan | 6 April 1992 | See Kazakhstan–Poland relations
Poland opened its embassy in Nur-Sultan in March 1994. Kazakhstan's embassy to Poland was opened in October 2000.[155]
|
Kuwait |
| |
Kyrgyzstan |
| |
Lebanon |
| |
Malaysia | See Malaysia–Poland relations
Malaysia has an embassy in Warsaw,[156] and Poland has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur and a consulate in Kuching.[157][158] | |
Mongolia | See Mongolia–Poland relations
| |
North Korea | 1948 October[159] | See Poland–North Korea relations
|
Pakistan | 17 December 1962 | See Pakistan–Poland relations
|
Palestine | 9 July 1982 (PLO),[160] 11 April 1989 (formalized)[98] | See Palestine–Poland relations |
Philippines | See Philippines–Poland relations
| |
Qatar |
| |
Saudi Arabia | See Poland–Saudi Arabia relations
| |
Singapore | 1969[163] | |
South Korea | 1 November 1989[164] | See Poland–South Korea relations
|
Taiwan | See Poland–Taiwan relations
| |
Tajikistan | See Poland–Tajikistan relations
| |
Thailand |
| |
Turkey | See Poland–Turkey relations | |
Turkmenistan | See Poland–Turkmenistan relations
| |
United Arab Emirates | See Poland–United Arab Emirates relations
| |
Uzbekistan | See Poland–Uzbekistan relations
| |
Vietnam | See Poland–Vietnam relations
|
Europe
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Albania | See Albania–Poland relations | |
Andorra | 1996-5-15 |
|
Austria | 1921 | See Austria–Poland relations
Austria was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Prussia/Germany and Russia.
|
Belarus | 1992-03-02[169] | See Belarus–Poland relations
|
Belgium | 1919-3[173] |
|
Bosnia and Herzegovina | ||
Bulgaria | 1920s | See Bulgaria–Poland relations
|
Croatia | 1992-04-11 | See Croatia–Poland relations
|
Cyprus | 1960s | See Cyprus–Poland relations
|
Czech Republic | 1991-10-6[179] | See Czech Republic–Poland relations
|
Denmark | See Denmark–Poland relations
| |
Estonia | 1991-09 | See Estonia–Poland relations
|
Finland | 1919-03-08 | See Finland–Poland relations
|
France | 1919-2-24[183] | See France–Poland relations
Polish-French relations date several centuries, although they became really relevant only with times of French Revolution and reign of Napoleon I. Poles have been allies of Napoleon; large Polish community settled in France in the 19th century, and Poles and French were also allies during the interwar period. The official relations, having cooled down during the Cold War, have improved since the fall of communism. Currently both countries are part of the European Union and NATO.
|
Germany | See Germany–Poland relations
After the creation of modern Germany in 1871, Germany was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Austria and Russia. The joint Nazi-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II, and then until 1945, Poland was occupied by Germany and subjected to crimes against its population. During the Cold War, communist Poland had good relations with East Germany, but had strained relations with West Germany. After the fall of communism, Poland and the reunited Germany have had a mostly positive but occasionally strained relationship due to some political issues. After the collapse of the Soviet Union, Germany has been a proponent of Poland's participation in NATO and the European Union.
| |
Greece | See Greece–Poland relations
| |
Holy See | 1919 | See Holy See–Poland relations
|
Hungary | See Hungary–Poland relations
Relations between the two states date back from the Middle Ages. For a long time, they enjoy traditional close friendship.
| |
Iceland | January 1946 | See Iceland–Poland relations |
Ireland | 1976-9-30[188] | See Ireland–Poland relations
|
Italy | 1919-2-27[193] | See Italy–Poland relations
|
Latvia | 1991-08-30 | See Latvia–Poland relations
|
Lithuania | 1991-9-5[198] | See Lithuania–Poland relations
Poland and Lithuania formed a close alliance and political union since 1385, which was eventually transformed into the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, one of the greatest historic powers of Central and Eastern Europe. The fall of communism in the years of 1989-1991 led to a formal reestablishment of relations by the Polish and Lithuanian states. Poland was highly supportive of the Lithuanian independence, and became one of the first countries to recognize independent Lithuania.[199] Despite that, there was a relative crisis in the early 1990s,[200] due to Lithuanian mistreatment of Polish minority, and Lithuanian suspicious that Poland would want to put Lithuania under its sphere of influence.[199] After a few years, as the situation normalized, Polish-Lithuanian relations have been steadily improving over the past two decades, with both countries joining the NATO and European Union.
|
Luxembourg | 1921-4-18[201] | See Luxembourg–Poland relations
|
Malta |
| |
Moldova | 1991-8-27[202] | See Moldova–Poland relations |
Monaco | 1990[203] |
|
Montenegro | ||
Netherlands | See Netherlands–Poland relations
| |
North Macedonia | ||
Norway | See Norway–Poland relations
| |
Portugal | 11 July 1974 | See Poland–Portugal relations
|
Romania | 1919-02-09 | See Poland–Romania relations
|
Russia | See Poland–Russia relations
Russia was one of the three partitioners of Poland, along with Austria and Prussia/Germany. The joint German-Soviet invasion of Poland of 1939 started World War II. In recent years, relations with Russia have worsened considerably. During the Russo-Georgian War Poland stated its support for Georgia and condemned Russia's actions. The Polish believed the war was carried out by the Russians in an attempt to reestablish and reassert its dominance over its former republics. Since 2009, however, relations with Russia somewhat improved, despite the Smolensk air disaster where the former Polish president died on what is still considered a controversial event. After the annexation of Crimea by Russia the relations deteriorated again, as Poland strongly condemned Russian actions against Ukraine.
| |
Serbia | 1919 | See Poland–Serbia relations
|
Slovakia | 1993 | See Poland–Slovakia relations
|
Slovenia | 1992-4-10[208] |
|
Spain | 1919-5-19[209] | See Poland–Spain relations
|
Sweden | 1919-6-3[209] | See Poland–Sweden relations
Poland and Sweden formed the Polish–Swedish union in the late 16th century.
|
Switzerland |
| |
Ukraine | 1992-1-4[210] | See Poland–Ukraine relations
Both countries share a border of about 529 kilometres (329 miles).[170] Poland's acceptance of the Schengen Agreement created problems with the Ukrainian border traffic. On July 1, 2009 an agreement on local border traffic between the two country's came into effect. This agreement enables Ukrainian citizens living in border regions to cross the Polish frontier according to a liberalized procedure.[211]
|
United Kingdom | 1919-2-25[212] | See Poland–United Kingdom relations
During the Cold War Poland retained a largely negative view of Britain as a sluggish ally of Poland during World War II, later acceptance of neglecting Poland in the international arena and placing it in communist influences. In communist times the UK was a part of the NATO block, so consequently it was considered by the communists as natural enemy of the communist bloc. British efforts meanwhile were focussed at trying to break Poland off from the Warsaw Pact and encouraging reforms in the country. In the 1990s and 2000s democratic Poland has maintained close relations with Britain; both in defence matters and within the EU; Britain being one of only a few countries allowing equal rights to Polish workers upon their accession in 2004.[213] |
Oceania
[edit]Country | Formal Relations Began | Notes |
---|---|---|
Australia | February 1972 | See Australia–Poland relations |
Micronesia | 12 February 2019 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 February 2019.[218]
|
New Zealand | 1 March 1973 | See New Zealand–Poland relations
|
Papua New Guinea | See Papua New Guinea–Poland relations | |
Solomon Islands | 6 March 2012 |
Both countries established diplomatic relations on 6 March 2012.[222]
|
See also
[edit]- List of diplomatic missions in Poland
- List of diplomatic missions of Poland
- Polish involvement in the 2003 invasion of Iraq
- Poland in the European Union
References
[edit]- ^ Commission, European (2015). "25 years after the fall of the Iron Curtain: The of integration of East and West in the European Union" (PDF): 12.
{{cite journal}}
: Cite journal requires|journal=
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- ^ "Historia stosunków dwustronnych" (in Polish). Archived from the original on 28 March 2023. Retrieved 23 July 2023.
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- ^ "MANUAL DE ORGANIZACIÓN DE LA EMBAJADA DE MÉXICO EN POLONIA" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 23 July 2023.
- ^ "SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 161. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
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- ^ a b c d e f g h i j "SERIA WYDAWNICZA: POLSKA SŁUŻBA ZAGRANICZNA 1918–1945 – materiały źródłowe" (PDF) (in Polish). p. 271. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2021-12-22. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
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This article incorporates public domain material from The World Factbook. CIA.
Further reading
[edit]- Biskupski, M. B. The History of Poland. Greenwood, 2000. 264 pp. online edition Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine
- The Cambridge History of Poland, 2 vols., Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1941 (1697–1935), 1950 (to 1696). New York: Octagon Books, 1971 online edition vol 1 to 1696 Archived 2008-02-13 at the Wayback Machine, old fashioned but highly detailed
- Davies, Norman. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. 2: 1795 to the Present. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1982 / ISBN 0-19-925340-4.
- Davies, Norman. Heart of Europe: A Short History of Poland. Oxford University Press, 1984. 511 pp. excerpt and text search
- Fedorowicz, Krzysztof (July 2007). "National Identity and National Interest in Polish Eastern Policy, 1989-2004". Nationalities Papers. 35 (3): 537–553. doi:10.1080/00905990701368761. hdl:10593/26952. S2CID 154831664.
- Frucht, Richard. Encyclopedia of Eastern Europe: From the Congress of Vienna to the Fall of Communism Garland Pub., 2000 online edition Archived 2010-03-18 at the Wayback Machine
- Gerson Louis L. Woodrow Wilson and the Rebirth of Poland 1914-1920 (1972)
- Hetherington, Peter. Unvanquished: Joseph Pilsudski, Resurrected Poland, and the Struggle for Eastern Europe (2012) 752pp excerpt and text search
- Kenney, Padraic. "After the Blank Spots Are Filled: Recent Perspectives on Modern Poland," Journal of Modern History (2007) 79#1 pp 134–61, in JSTOR historiography
- Klatt, Malgorzata. "Poland and its Eastern neighbours: Foreign policy principles." Journal of Contemporary European Research 7.1 (2011): 61-76. online
- Korbel, Josef. Poland Between East and West: Soviet and German Diplomacy toward Poland, 1919–1933 (Princeton University Press, 1963)
- Kuźniar, R. ed. Poland's Security Policy 1989-2000 (Warsaw: Scholar Publishing House, 2001).
- Lerski, George J. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 966-1945. Greenwood, 1996. 750 pp. online
- Leslie, R. F. et al. The History of Poland since 1863. Cambridge U. Press, 1980. 494 pp. excerpt[dead link ]
- Lukowski, Jerzy and Zawadzki, Hubert. A Concise History of Poland. (2nd ed. Cambridge U. Press, 2006). 408pp. excerpts and search
- Magocsi, Paul Robert t al. A History of East Central Europe (1974).
- Pogonowski, Iwo Cyprian. Poland: A Historical Atlas. Hippocrene, 1987. 321 pp.
- Prazmowska, Anita J. A History of Poland (2004\)
- Sanford, George. Historical Dictionary of Poland. Scarecrow Press, 2003. 291 pp.
- Snyder, Timothy. The Reconstruction of Nations: Poland, Ukraine, Lithuania, Belarus, 1569-1999 (2003).
- Wróbel, Piotr. Historical Dictionary of Poland, 1945-1996. Greenwood, 1998. 397 pp.
- Zięba, Ryszard. Poland's Foreign and Security Policy Springer, 2020) online