Jump to content

List of slave owners

Add links
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

See also: Category:Slave owners and Centre for the Study of the Legacies of British Slavery

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

The following is a list of notable people who owned other people as slaves, where there is a consensus of historical evidence of slave ownership, in alphabetical order by last name.

Part of a series on
Forced labour and slavery
Shackles
Contemporary
Historical
Antiquity
Medieval Europe
Muslim world
Atlantic slave trade
Topics and practice
Naval
By country or region
Sub-Saharan Africa
North and South America
East, Southeast, and South Asia
Australia and Oceania
Europe and North Asia
North Africa and West Asia
Religion
Opposition and resistance
Related


A

[edit]

B

[edit]
1856 lithograph of Preston Brooks attacking Charles Sumner, who had spoken against slavery two days earlier

C

[edit]
The reputation of Edward Colston, long praised for philanthropy, has been reassessed as his connections to slave-trading were uncovered. Protestors toppled his statue in Bristol in 2020.

D

[edit]
A slave cabin on the grounds of the home of Sam Davis in Smyrna, Tennessee
Marianne Celeste Dragon (1777–1856) was a wealthy mixed-race creole slave owner during the Spanish Louisiana.

E

[edit]

F

[edit]
Senator Rebecca Latimer Felton, the last U.S. Congressmember to have enslaved people

G

[edit]
  • Ana Gallum (or Nansi Wiggins; fl. 1811), was an African Senegalese slave who was freed and married the white Florida planter Don Joseph "Job" Wiggins, in 1801 succeeding in having his will, leaving her his plantation and slaves, recognized as legal.[126]
  • Horatio Gates (1727–1806), American general during the American Revolutionary War. Seven years later, he sold his plantation, freed his slaves, and moved north to New York.[127]
  • Sir John Gladstone (1764–1851), British politician, owner of plantations in Jamaica and Guyana, and recipient of the single largest payment from the Slave Compensation Commission.[128][129]
  • Estêvão Gomes (c. 1483–1538), Portuguese explorer, in 1525 he kidnapped at least 58 indigenous people from what is now Maine or Nova Scotia, taking them to Spain where he attempted to sell them as slaves.[130]
  • Antão Gonçalves (15th-century), Portuguese explorer and, in 1441, the first to enslave captive Africans and bring them to Portugal for sale.[131]
  • Ulysses S. Grant (1822–1885), Union general and 18th President of the United States, who acquired slaves through his wife and father-in-law.[132] On March 29, 1859, Grant freed his slave William Jones, making Jones the last person to have been enslaved by a person who later served as U.S. president.[133]
  • Robert Isaac Dey Gray (c. 1772–1804), Canadian politician and slave owner. In 1798 he voted against a proposal to expand slavery in Upper Canada.[134]
  • Curtis Grubb (c. 1730–1789), Pennsylvania iron master and one of the state's largest enslavers at the time of U.S. independence.[135]

H

[edit]

I

[edit]
  • Ibn Battuta (1304 – c. 1368), Muslim Berber Moroccan scholar and explorer. He enslaved girls and women in his harem.[159]
  • Emina Ilhamy (1858–1931), Egyptian princess, she gifted enslaved concubines to her son and owned slaves until the First World War.[160]

J

[edit]
In 1769 Thomas Jefferson placed an advertisement in the Virginia Gazette offering a reward for an escaped slave named Sandy.

K

[edit]

L

[edit]
Toussaint Louverture was born into slavery, then owned slaves, and eventually liberated Haiti's slaves.

M

[edit]
General Marion Inviting a British Officer to Share His Meal (c. 1835); his slave Oscar Marion kneels at the left of the group.
Mansa Musa, accompanied by thousands of slaves, traveling to Mecca

N

[edit]
John Newton captained slave ships and was enslaved himself in Sierra Leone. He became an abolitionist, calling the African slave trade "this stain of our National character".
  • John Newton (1725–1807), British slave trader and later abolitionist.[220]
  • Nicias (c. 470–413 BCE), Athenian politician and general. Plutarch recorded that he enslaved more than 1,000 people in his silver mines.[221]
  • Nikarete of Corinth (fl. 5th and 4th century BC), she bought young girls from the Corinthian slave market and trained them as hetaera.[222]

O

[edit]
  • Susannah Ostrehan (died 1809), Barbadian businesswoman, herself a freed slave, she bought some slaves (including her own family) in order to free them, but kept others to labor on her properties.[223]
  • James Owen (1784–1865), American politician, planter, major-general and businessman, he owned the enslaved scholar Omar ibn Said.[224]

P

[edit]

Q

[edit]

R

[edit]
"The slaves of Buenos Aires praising their noble liberator." In fact, de Rosas revived the slave trade and owned slaves himself.

S

[edit]
1895 illustration depicting the c. 1655 slave-auction organized by Peter Stuyvesant

T

[edit]
Robert Toombs
Wesley John Gaines
Robert Toombs (left) and one of the men he enslaved, Bishop Wesley John Gaines (right)

U

[edit]

V

[edit]

W

[edit]
Painting
Life of George Washington: The Farmer (1851); his slaves harvest grain behind him.

Y

[edit]
  • William Lowndes Yancey (1814–1863), American secessionist leader, he was gifted 36 people as a dowry and established a plantation where he forced them to work.[325]
  • Marie-Marguerite d'Youville (1701–1771), the first person born in Canada to be declared a saint and "one of Montreal's more prominent slaveholders".[326]
  • David Levy Yulee (1810–1886), American politician and attorney, he forced enslaved people to work his Florida sugarcane plantation and later to build a railroad.[327]

Z

[edit]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bruce Riedel (12 March 2019). "Chapter One • FDR AND IBN SAUD, 1744 TO 1953". Kings and Presidents Saudi Arabia and the United States since FDR (PDF). Brookings Institution Press. p. 2. ISBN 9780815737162. Retrieved 30 September 2023. Ibn Saud had come from Jidda on an American destroyer, the USS Murphy, with an entourage of bodyguards, cooks, and slaves
  2. ^ Nicholas DeAntonis (11 March 2021). "Joe Biden is making clear that Saudi human rights violations won't be ignored". Washington Post. Archived from the original on 18 March 2021. Retrieved 30 September 2023. During the four-hour meeting between the President and the King, where the two discussed oil, Palestinian territories and their future partnership, "7-foot tall Nubian slaves" could be found on the opposite deck of the destroyer
  3. ^ Alaine S. Hutson (2002). "Enslavement and Manumission in Saudi Arabia, 1926-38". Critique: Critical Middle Eastern Studies. 11 (1). doi:10.1080/10669920120122243. ISSN 1943-6149. Retrieved 30 September 2023. 1936, the same year in which King Abd al Aziz ibn Abd ar Rahman Al Saud (r. 1902-53) decreed the Saudi Arabian slave regulations
  4. ^ James A. Hoobler, Sarah Hunter Marks, Nashville: From the Collection of Carl and Otto Giers, Arcadia Publishing, 2000, p. 36
  5. ^ "Biography – Agnew, Stair – Volume VI (1821–1835) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". www.biographi.ca.
  6. ^ Bigner, Melissa (February 2012). "Living History". Charleston Magazine.
  7. ^ Buck, Susan L. (2005). "Paint Discoveries in the Aiken-Rhett House Kitchen and Slave Quarters". Perspectives in Vernacular Architecture. 10: 185–198. ISSN 0887-9885. JSTOR 3514348.
  8. ^ Spray, W.A. (1979–2016). "Jones, Caleb". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  9. ^ Alvarez Gómez, Oriel. Sor Imelda y la primera mujer foránea que vino a Chile
  10. ^ Bumgardner, Sarah (29 November 1995). "Tredegar Iron Works: A Synecdoche for Industrialized Antebellum Richmond". Antebellum Richmond. Archived from the original on 8 September 2008.
  11. ^ Gudmestad, Robert H. (Fall 2003). "The Troubled Legacy of Isaac Franklin: The Enterprise of Slave Trading". Tennessee Historical Quarterly. 62 (3): 193–217. JSTOR 42627764.
  12. ^ Natanson, Hannah (14 September 2019). "They were once America's cruelest, richest slave traders. Why does no one know their names?". Washington Post. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  13. ^ McPherson, James M., Battle Cry of Freedom, Penguin Books, 1990, ISBN 978-0140125184 pp. 145–148
  14. ^ Senior, Olive (2003). Encyclopedia of Jamaican heritage. Twin Guinep Publishers. ISBN 976-8007141.
  15. ^ Darryl Fears (28 July 2022). "The largest Audubon group yet is changing its name, rebuking an enslaver". The Washington Post. Washington, D.C. ISSN 0190-8286. OCLC 1330888409.
  16. ^ Cantrell, Gregg (2001). Stephen F. Austin: Empresario of Texas. Yale University Press. pp. 8–9.
  17. ^ a b Power, Michael; Butler, Nancy (1993). Slavery and Freedom in Niagara (PDF). The Niagara Historical Society. p. 20. ISBN 1895258057.
  18. ^ "An act to prevent the further introduction of slaves". Upper Canada History. 2013. Retrieved 13 June 2019.
  19. ^ Warrick, Joby (27 October 2019). "Abu Bakr al-Baghdadi, extremist leader of Islamic State, dies at 48". The Washington Post. Retrieved 28 October 2019. Later, former hostages would reveal that Mr. Baghdadi also kept a number of personal sex slaves during his years as the Islamic State's leader
  20. ^ Zuiderweg, Adrienne (13 January 2014). "Bake, Adriana Johanna (1724–1787)". Digitaal Vrouwenlexicon van Nederland (in Dutch). Archived from the original on 4 March 2017. Retrieved 23 October 2021.
  21. ^ Keen, Benjamin (8 January 2021). "Vasco Núñez de Balboa". Encyclopaedia Britannica. Retrieved 19 May 2021.
  22. ^ Elena D. Gheorghe, Gabriel Stegărescu, "Monografia comunei Bolintinul din Deal", in Sud. Revistă Editată de Asociația pentru Cultură și Tradiție Istorică Bolintineanu, Issues 1–2/2013, pp. 29–30
  23. ^ Gheorghe Sion, Suvenire contimporane, p. 53. Bucharest: Editura Minerva, 1915. OCLC 7270251
  24. ^ "Elizabeth Swain Bannister". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. London: University College London. 2020. Archived from the original on 15 February 2020. Retrieved 15 February 2020.
  25. ^ "Δήμος Κέρκυρας – Δεύτερη Ενετοκρατία". www.corfu.gr.
  26. ^ McKee, James W. (13 April 2018). "William Barksdale". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  27. ^ "The Diary of Bennet H. Barrow, Louisiana Slaveowner". www.sjsu.edu. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  28. ^ "Bill of sale from the heirs of Jesse Batey to Washington Barrow, January 18, 1853 · Georgetown Slavery Archive". slaveryarchive.georgetown.edu. Retrieved 2 February 2018.
  29. ^ "Death's Doings". New Orleans Republican. 29 July 1875. p. 1. Retrieved 12 June 2018 – via Newspapers.com.
  30. ^ a b Frost, Amy (2007), "Big Spenders: The Beckford's and Slavery", BBC
  31. ^ Elliott, Shirley B. (1979–2016). "Belcher, Benjamin". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  32. ^ Stewart R. King: Blue Coat Or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue
  33. ^ Landman, Rowland H. (1951–1952). "Judah Benjamin". Transactions (Jewish Historical Society of England). 17: 161–170. JSTOR 29777899.
  34. ^ Collections of the Kansas State Historical Society. Kansas State Historical Society. 1923. p. 61.
  35. ^ Smith, Elbert B. (1953), The American Historical Review, vol. 58, Oxford University Press, American Historical Association, pp. 795–807, doi:10.2307/1842457, JSTOR 1842457
  36. ^ Rafferty, Milton D (1980), The Ozarks: Land and Life, ISBN 978-1610753029, retrieved 13 January 2013
  37. ^ Humphreys, Joe (18 June 2020). "What to do about George Berkeley, Trinity figurehead and slave owner?". The Irish Times. Retrieved 19 January 2023.
  38. ^ Fateful Lightning: A New History of the Civil War and Reconstruction; by Allen C. Guelzo, May 18, 2012, kindle location 935
  39. ^ "Mauritius 5132 Claim". University College London (Dept. of History) Legacies of British Slavery. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  40. ^ "Mauritius 6950 Claim". University College London (Dept. of History) Legacies of British Slavery. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  41. ^ Fladeland, Betty (1999). "Birney, James Gillespie". American National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/anb/9780198606697.article.1500061. ISBN 978-0-19-860669-7. Retrieved 20 January 2024.
  42. ^ "James Blair: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History. 2014. Retrieved 27 June 2014.
  43. ^ Manrique, Jaime (26 March 2006). "Simon Bolivar's extreme makeover". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  44. ^ Hanabarger, Linda (13 July 2010). "The story of Illinois' first governor". The Leader-Union. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  45. ^ Coté, André (1979–2016). "Marie". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  46. ^ Hopewell, Clifford (1994). James Bowie Texas Fighting Man: A Biography. Austin, TX: Eakin Press. p. 11. ISBN 0890158819.
  47. ^ Storrar, Krissy (4 April 2021). "The first 'blackbirder:' Rebranding for Australian village named after Scottish slave trader". The Sunday Post. Retrieved 24 October 2021.
  48. ^ https://www.archives.gov.on.ca/en/explore/online/slavery/sophia_pooley.aspx "Sophia Burthen Pooley: Part of the Family?", Ontario Ministry of Public and Business Service Delivery website
  49. ^ Hartocollis, Anemona (26 April 2022). "Harvard Details Its Ties to Slavery and Its Plans for Redress". The New York Times. Retrieved 30 April 2022.
  50. ^ Klotter, James C. (1986). The Breckinridges of Kentucky. Lexington: The University Press of Kentucky. p. 113. ISBN 0813191653.
  51. ^ Gaspar, David Barry; Hine, Darlene Clark (1996). More Than Chattel: Black Women and Slavery in the Americas. Indiana University Press. p. 291. ISBN 978-0253210432.
  52. ^ Puleo, Stephen. "Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks". Bill of Rights Institute. Retrieved 20 May 2021.
  53. ^ Hernon, Ian (2021). America's Forgotten Wars: From Lord Dunmore to the Philippines. Amberley Publishing. pp. 164–165. ISBN 978-1445695310.
  54. ^ Orser, Joseph Andrew (2014), The Lives of Chang & Eng: Siam's Twins in Nineteenth-Century America, University of North Carolina Press, p. 84, ISBN 978-1469618302
  55. ^ Dunlop, Allan C. (1979–2016). "Burbridge, John". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  56. ^ "Butler Family". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  57. ^ Matthews, Gary R. (2014). More American Than Southern: Kentucky, Slavery, and the War for an American Ideology, 1828–1861. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press. p. 129. ISBN 978-1621901181.
  58. ^ Joshel, Sandra Rae (2010). Slavery in the Roman World. Cambridge Introduction to Roman Civilization. Cambridge University Press. p. 55. ISBN 978-0521535014. ISSN 1755-6058.
  59. ^ Berry, Joanne; Matyszak, Philip (2008). Lives of the Romans. Thames & Hudson. pp. 116–117. ISBN 978-0500771709.
  60. ^ Erickson, Paul (June 1981). "The Anthropology of Charles Caldwell, M.D.". Isis. 72 (2): 252–256. doi:10.1086/352721. JSTOR 230972. S2CID 145124720.
  61. ^ Wilson, Clyde N. (26 June 2014). "John C. Calhoun and Slavery as a 'Positive Good': What He Said". The Abbeville Institute. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  62. ^ Humanities, National Endowment for the (18 January 1891). "The news and observer. [volume] (Raleigh, N.C.) 1880-1893, January 18, 1891, Image 1". ISSN 2769-0806. Retrieved 16 August 2023.
  63. ^ "Watford's slavery past discovered". Watford Observer. 23 March 2007. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  64. ^ Dolan, Jay P. (1985). The American Catholic Experience: A History from Colonial Times to the Present. Doubleday. p. 86. ISBN 978-0385152068.
  65. ^ Bontemps, Alex (2001). The Punished Self: Surviving Slavery in the Colonial South, p. 30. Cornell University Press. ISBN 0801435218.
  66. ^ Carlton, Florence Tyler (1982). A Genealogy of the Known Descendants of Robert Carter of Corotoman.
  67. ^ White, Kevin (2002). An introduction to the sociology of health and illness. Sage. pp. 41, 42. ISBN 0761964002.
  68. ^ Pilgrim, David (November 2005). "Question of the Month: Drapetomania". Jim Crow Museum of Racist Memorabilia. Retrieved 11 January 2021.
  69. ^ Klunder, Willard Carl (1996). Lewis Cass and the Politics of Moderation. Kent, OH: Kent State University Press. pp. 46–47. ISBN 978-0-8733-8536-7 – via Google Books.
  70. ^ Mangion, Giovanni (1973). "Girolamo Cassar Architetto maltese del cinquecento" (PDF). Melita Historica (in Italian). 6 (2). Malta Historical Society: 192–200. Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 April 2016.
  71. ^ Plutarch's Lives of Illustrious Men. Vol. 1. Translated by Langhorne, John; Langhorne, William. London: Henry G. Bohn. 1853. p. 389.
  72. ^ Scarano, Francisco A. (2014). "Labor and Society". In Palmer, Colin A.; Knight, Franklin W. (eds.). The Modern Caribbean. University of North Carolina Press. pp. 79–80. ISBN 978-1469617329.
  73. ^ "National Park Service". Archived from the original on 22 April 2010.
  74. ^ William E. Foley, "Slave Freedom Suits before Dred Scott: The Case of Marie Jean Scypion's Descendants", Missouri Historical Review, 79, no. 1 (October 1984), pp. 1–5, at The State Historical Society of Missouri, accessed 18 February 2011
  75. ^ Treggiari, Susan (1969). "The Freedmen of Cicero". Greece & Rome. 16 (2): 195–204. doi:10.1017/S0017383500017034. JSTOR 642848. S2CID 163283620. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  76. ^ "Lewis and Clark . Inside the Corps . York". PBS.
  77. ^ Welch 1999.
  78. ^ "History, Travel, Arts, Science, People, Places". Smithsonian.
  79. ^ Hanson, Victor Davis (1999). The Soul of Battle: From Ancient Times to the Present Day, How Three Great Liberators Vanquished Tyranny. New York: The Free Press. p. 211. ISBN 978-0684845029. Retrieved 8 March 2016.
  80. ^ Coles, Edward. "Autobiography." April 1844. Coles Collection, Historical Society of Pennsylvania
  81. ^ Welch, Pedro L. V. (1999). "Unhappy and Afflicted Women? Free Coloured Women in Barbados 1780–1834". Revista/Review Interamericana. 29 (1–4). Hato Rey, Puerto Rico: Interamerican University of Puerto Rico Press: 9–12. ISSN 0196-1373. Archived from the original on 10 November 2014. Retrieved 29 November 2017.
  82. ^ Dudley Gold, Susan (2010). Missouri Compromise. Marshall Cavendish Benchmark. p. 101. ISBN 978-1608700417.
  83. ^ Gleason, David King (1987). Antebellum Homes of Georgia. LSU Press. p. 119. ISBN 978-0807114322.
  84. ^ Morgan, Kenneth (September 2004). "Colston, Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/5996. Retrieved 14 August 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  85. ^ Loewen, James W. (1995). Lies My Teacher Told Me. The New Press. pp. 57–58.
  86. ^ Jane Landers, Slaves, Subjects, and Subversives: Blacks in Colonial Latin America, UNM Press, 2006, p. 43
  87. ^ Lachance, André (1979–2016). "Couagne, Thérèse de". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  88. ^ "Suffolk and the slave trade". www.bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 15 June 2019.
  89. ^ Johnson, Paul (1997). A History of the American People. New York: HarperCollins. p. 452. ISBN 0060168366.
  90. ^ Lasswell Crist, Lynda (February 2016). "Joseph Emory Davis: A Mississippi Planter Patriarch". Mississippi History Now. Mississippi Historical Society. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  91. ^ DeGennaro, Nancy. "Confederate monuments: Sam Davis, a slave-owning soldier mythologized as a 'Boy Hero'". The Daily News Journal. Retrieved 13 June 2021.
  92. ^ Lopes, Marcus (15 July 2018). "A história esquecida do 1º barão negro do Brasil Império, senhor de mil escravos". BBC News. Retrieved 1 December 2022.
  93. ^ Nevius, James; Nevius, Michelle (2014). Footprints in New York: Tracing the Lives of Four Centuries of New Yorkers. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 36–38. ISBN 978-1493008407.
  94. ^ Moody, Barry M. (1979–2016). "DeLancey (de Lancey, De Lancey, Delancey), James". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  95. ^ Fellows, Jo-Ann (1979–2016). "De Peyster, Abraham". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  96. ^ Demosthenes, Against Aphobus 1, 6. Archived 20 May 2012 at the Wayback Machine
  97. ^ Bumsted, J. M. (1979–2016). "Denson, Henry Denny". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  98. ^ "Jean Noël Destrehan" by John H. Lawrence, KnowLouisiana.org Encyclopedia of Louisiana. Ed. David Johnson. Louisiana Endowment for the Humanities, 18 Jun 2013. Web. 15 Apr 2017.
  99. ^ Ely, Melvin Patrick; Loux, Jennifer R. (12 February 2021). "Dew, Thomas R. (1802–1846)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  100. ^ Horton, James Oliver; Horton, Lois E. (2006). Slavery and the Making of America. Oxford University Press. pp. 7–8. ISBN 978-0195304510.
  101. ^ Mack, Jessica R. "Albert Dod". Princeton & Slavery. The Trustees of Princeton University. Retrieved 31 May 2023.
  102. ^ "Redfearn, Winifred V. "Slavery in Wisconsin" Wisconsin 101: Our History in Objects September 11, 2018".
  103. ^ Fraser, Robert Lochiel (1979–2016). "Dorland, Thomas". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  104. ^ "Stephen A. Douglas and the American Union, University of Chicago Library Special Exhibit, 1994". Lib.uchicago.edu. Retrieved 21 August 2012.
  105. ^ Nichols, Roy F. (1956). "The Kansas-Nebraska Act: A Century of Historiography". Mississippi Valley Historical Review. 43 (2): 187–212. doi:10.2307/1902683. JSTOR 1902683.
  106. ^ Brazy, Martha Jane (19 April 2018). "Stephen Duncan". Mississippi Encyclopedia. Center for Study of Southern Culture. Retrieved 19 June 2021.
  107. ^ Schulman, Gayle M. "Slaves at the University of Virginia" (PDF). www.latinamericanstudies.org. Retrieved 13 July 2021.
  108. ^ Sweeney, Douglas A. (2010). Jonathan Edwards and the Ministry of the Word: A Model of Faith and Thought. Downers Grove: InterVarsity Press. pp. 66–68. ISBN 978-0830879410. ...they owned several slaves. Beginning in June 1731, Edwards joined the slave trade, buying 'a Negro Girle named Venus ages Fourteen years or thereabout' in Newport, at an auction, for 'the Sum of Eighty pounds.'
  109. ^ Stinson, Susan (5 April 2012). "The Other Side of the Paper: Jonathan Edwards as Slave-Owner". Valley Advocate. Retrieved 5 October 2017.
  110. ^ McClellan McAndrew, Tara (12 January 2017). "Slavery in the Land of Lincoln". Illinois Times.
  111. ^ William Renwick Riddell (1932). "Additional notes on slavery". The Journal of Negro History. 17 (3): 368–377. doi:10.2307/2714282. JSTOR 2714282. S2CID 149992126.
  112. ^ Higman, Montpelier (Kingston: University of the West Indies Press, 1998), pp. 20, 24.
  113. ^ Larry Koger, Black Slaveowners: Free Black Slave Masters in South Carolina, 1790–1860, University of South Carolina Press, 1985 (paperback edition, 1995), pp. 144–145
  114. ^ "Mauritius 5696 Claim 16th Jan 1837 103 Enslaved £3194 15s 6d". University College London. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  115. ^ "Mauritius 3901 A Claim 31st Jul 1837 332 Enslaved £10757 2s 0d". University College London. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  116. ^ Calautti, Katie (2 March 2014). ""What'll Become of Me?" Finding the Real Patsey of 12 Years a Slave". Vanity Fair. Retrieved 14 July 2020.
  117. ^ Theuws, De Jong and van Rhijn, Topographies of Power, p. 255.
  118. ^ Mouser, Bruce L. (17 October 1980). "Women Traders and Big-Men of Guinea-Conakry" (PDF). tubmaninstitute.ca. Tubman Institute. pp. 6–8. Archived from the original (PDF) on 9 August 2017. Retrieved 15 July 2019.
  119. ^ "Peter Faneuil and Slavery". Boston African American National Historic Site. National Park Service. 16 January 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2020.
  120. ^ McKay, John (2011). It Happened in Atlanta: Remarkable Events That Shaped History. Guilford, CT: Morris Book Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 978-0762764396.
  121. ^ Racine, Karen; Mamigonian, Beatriz G., eds. (2010). The Human Tradition in the Atlantic World, 1500–1850. The Human Tradition around the World. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 192–193. ISBN 978-1442206991.
  122. ^ Nash, Gary B. "Franklin and Slavery." Proceedings of the American Philosophical Society 150, no. 4 (2006): 620.
  123. ^ Betsy Phillips (7 May 2015). "Isaac Franklin's money had a major influence on modern-day Nashville — despite the blood on it". Nashville Scene. Retrieved 15 September 2019.
  124. ^ Alan Axelrod (2011). Generals South, Generals North: The Commanders of the Civil War Reconsidered. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 84. ISBN 978-0762774883.
  125. ^ Finkelman, Paul; Kennon, Donald R. (2010). In the shadow of freedom: the politics of slavery in the national capital. Athens: Ohio University Press. p. 27. ISBN 978-0821419342.
  126. ^ Jane Landers, Black Society in Spanish Florida
  127. ^ Mellen, G. W. F. (1841). An Argument on the Unconstitutionality of Slavery. Saxton & Peirce. pp. 47–48.
  128. ^ Michael Craton, "Proto-peasant revolts? The late slave rebellions in the British West Indies 1816–1832." Past & Present 85 (1979): 99–125 online.
  129. ^ "Britain's Forgotten Slave Owners, Profit and Loss". BBC Two. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  130. ^ Vigneras, L.A. (1979–2016). "Gomes, Estêvão". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  131. ^ da Silva Pinto, Luiz Fernando (2002). Sagres: A Strategic Revolution. Translated by Ana Beatriz Rodrigues; John Savage. FGV. p. 253. ISBN 978-8522503889.
  132. ^ Smith, Jean Edward (2001). Grant. New York: Simon & Schuster. pp. 94–95. ISBN 0684849275.
  133. ^ "William Jones (U.S. National Park Service)". www.nps.gov. Retrieved 13 September 2021.
  134. ^ Burns, Robert J. (1979–2016). "Gray, Robert Isaac Dey". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  135. ^ Bezis-Selfa, John (2018). Forging America: Ironworkers, Adventurers, and the Industrious Revolution. Cornell University Press. p. 185. ISBN 978-1501722196.
  136. ^ Brown, Rosellen (29 January 1989). "Monster of All He Surveyed". The New York Times – via NYTimes.com.
  137. ^ "The Wade Hampton Family". The Issaquena Genealogy and History Project, Rootsweb. Retrieved 7 May 2017.
  138. ^ American Slavery as It Is: Testimony of a Thousand Witnesses, p. 29, retrieved 27 May 2020
  139. ^ "Wade Hampton Family", Issaquena Genealogy and History Project, Rootsweb, accessed 6 November 2013
  140. ^ Demer, Lisa (2 July 2015). "Wade Hampton no more: Alaska census area named for confederate officer gets new moniker". Alaska Dispatch News. Retrieved 2 July 2015.
  141. ^ Fowler, William M. Jr. (1980). The Baron of Beacon Hill: A Biography of John Hancock. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. p. 78. ISBN 0395276195.
  142. ^ Moore, Anne Chieko (2006). "The Harrison Heritage". In Hale, Hester Anne (ed.). Benjamin Harrison: Centennial President. First Men, America's Presidents. New York: Nova Science Publishers, Inc. pp. 5–6. ISBN 978-160021-0662.
  143. ^ Dowdey, Clifford (1957). The Great Plantation. New York: Rinehart & Co. p. 162.
  144. ^ Whitney, Gleaves (2006). "ASK GLEAVES | Slaveholding Presidents | Paper 30". scholarworks.gvsu.edu.
  145. ^ Kukla, Jon (2017). Patrick Henry: Champion of Liberty. New York: Simon & Schuster. p. 124. ISBN 978-1439190814.
  146. ^ Glass, Andrew (8 April 2018). "Final member of a generation of Southern black lawmakers dies, April 8, 1938". Politico. Retrieved 20 July 2020.
  147. ^ Source: Slavery Abolition Act (P.P. 1837–8, XLVIII); NA, Treasury Papers, slave compensation T71/852-900. – referenced in Draper, N. (2008). "The City of London and slavery: evidence from the first dock companies, 1795–1800". Economic History Review, 61, 2 (2008), pp.432–466.
  148. ^ "Hibbert, George (1757–1837), of Clapham, Surr". History of Parliament Online. Retrieved 26 July 2015.
  149. ^ Madden, Annette (2000). In Her Footsteps: 101 Remarkable Black Women from the Queen of Sheba to Queen Latifah. Berkeley, California: Conari Press. pp. 99–100. ISBN 978-1573245531.
  150. ^ Neal, Diane; Kremm, Thomas W. (1997). The Lion of the South: General Thomas C. Hindman. Mercer University Press. p. 198. ISBN 978-0865545564.
  151. ^ Andrew, John (2000). The Hanging of Arthur Hodge: A Caribbean Anti-Slavery Milestone. Xlibris Corporation. ISBN 978-0738819310.
  152. ^ "Compensation claim 6147". Legacies of Slavery UCL. Retrieved 15 July 2021.
  153. ^ "Noted abolitionist Johns Hopkins owned slave".
  154. ^ Krystyniak, Frank (20 July 2018). "Houston, the Emancipator". Today@Sam. Sam Houston State University. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  155. ^ "Hjörleifshöfði". brydebud.vik.is. Retrieved 20 January 2016.
  156. ^ Libby, David J. (2004). Slavery and Frontier Mississippi, 1720–1835. Univ. Press of Mississippi. p. 52. ISBN 978-1604730500. Retrieved 17 September 2014.
  157. ^ James, D. Clayton (1993). Antebellum Natchez. LSU Press. p. 157. ISBN 978-0807118603.
  158. ^ United States Bureau of the Census (1909). A Century of Population Growth from the First Census of the United States to the Twelfth, 1790–1900. U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 137.
  159. ^ William Dalrymple (2003). City of Djinns: A Year in Delhi. Penguin Publishing Group. ISBN 978-1101127018.
  160. ^ Doumani, Beshara (2003). Family History in the Middle East: Household, Property, and Gender. SUNY Press. p. 263. ISBN 978-0-791-48707-5.
  161. ^ "Andrew Jackson's Enslaved Laborers". The Hermitage. Archived from the original on 12 September 2014. Retrieved 13 April 2017.
  162. ^ "William James MP: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. UCL Department of History 2014. 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  163. ^ "Henry Lewis: seeking freedom". Archives of Ontario. Retrieved 14 June 2019. Hannah Jarvis incorrectly wrote about the Slave Act that Simcoe... 'has by a piece of chacanery freed all the negroes...'
  164. ^ Verell, Nancy (14 April 2015). "Peter Jefferson". www.monticello.org. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  165. ^ Stockman, Farah (16 June 2018). "Monticello Is Done Avoiding Jefferson's Relationship With Sally Hemings". The New York Times. Retrieved 15 July 2018.
  166. ^ J. William Harris. The Hanging of Thomas Jeremiah: A Free Black Man's Encounter with Liberty. Yale University Press, 2009. ISBN 978-0300152142 p. 2.
  167. ^ "Slaves of Andrew Johnson". Andrew Johnson. National Park Service. 24 July 2020. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  168. ^ Silverman, Jason H. (1979–2016). "King, William". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  169. ^ Schafer, Daniel L. (2003). Anna Madgigine Jai Kingsley: African Princess, Florida Slave, Plantation Slaveowner. University Press of Florida. ISBN 0813026164.
  170. ^ Schafer, Daniel L. (2013). Zephaniah Kingsley Jr. and the Atlantic World. University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813044620.
  171. ^ Dodge, Ernest S. (1979–2016). "Knight, James". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  172. ^ We the People: The Economic Origins of the Constitution
  173. ^ The history of Georgetown County, South Carolina, p. 297 and p. 525, University of South Carolina Press, 1970
  174. ^ "Slavery and Justice: Report of the Brown University Steering Committee on Slavery and Justice" (PDF). Brown University. October 2006.
  175. ^ Long, Carolyn Morrow (2012). Madame Lalaurie Mistress of the Haunted House. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. ISBN 978-0813038063.
  176. ^ Lamont, John (21 March 2017). "Summary of Individual". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. Retrieved 21 March 2017.
  177. ^ Carolyn Morrow Long: A New Orleans Voudou Priestess: The Legend and Reality of Marie Laveau, 2018
  178. ^ Holloway, Joseph E., ed. (2005). Africanisms in American Culture. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0253217493.
  179. ^ "Sully Historic Site History". Fairfax County, Virginia. Retrieved 18 July 2020.
  180. ^ "Robert E. Lee and Slavery". nps.gov. National Park Service. 12 May 2024. Retrieved 16 June 2024.
  181. ^ Storrow, Emily (18 March 2015). "Griffin: Slave owners here no more benevolent than others". Wilkes Journal-Patriot.
  182. ^ Gail Guymon, National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form for Lenoir Cotton Mill Warehouse, February 2006. Retrieved: 2009-11-03.
  183. ^ "A Tale of Two Columbias: Francis Lieber, Columbia University and Slavery | Columbia University and Slavery". columbiaandslavery.columbia.edu. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  184. ^ Keil, Hartmut (2008). "Francis Lieber's Attitudes on Race, Slavery, and Abolition". Journal of American Ethnic History. 28 (1): 13–33. doi:10.2307/27501879. ISSN 0278-5927. JSTOR 27501879. S2CID 254496072.
  185. ^ Duncan-Smith, Nicole (17 January 2022). "Report Finds Over 1,700 Elected Officials Were Once Slaveholders, One Senator Owned a Plantation with Over 400 Enslaved Africans". Atlanta Black Star. Yahoo News. Retrieved 10 October 2023.
  186. ^ Morgan, Kenneth. "Long, Edward". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/16964. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  187. ^ Gayle M. Schulman (2005). "Slaves at the University of Virginia" (PDF). Latin American Studies. Retrieved 17 October 2020. Soon after he arrived from England George Long acquired a slave, Jacob.
  188. ^ de Cauna, Jacques. 2004. Toussaint L'Ouverture et l'indépendance d'Haïti. Témoignages pour une commémoration. Paris: Ed. Karthala. pp. 63–65
  189. ^ Wallace, C.M. (1979–2016). "Ludlow, George Duncan". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  190. ^ Morel, André (1979–2016). "Lynd, David". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  191. ^ Broadwater, Jeff. (2012). James Madison: A Son of Virginia and a Founder of a Nation. University of North Carolina Press. p. 188. ISBN 978-0807835302.
  192. ^ Taylor, Elizabeth Dowling. (Jan. 2012), A Slave in the White House: Paul Jennings and the Madisons, Foreword by Annette Gordon-Reed, New York: Palgrave Macmillan, Chapter 1
  193. ^ Singapore, National Library Board. "Purbawara Panglima Awang – BookSG – National Library Board, Singapore". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 30 July 2018.
  194. ^ Teelock, Vijaya (2016). Transition from slavery in Zanzibar and Mauritius a comparative history. Council for the Development of Social Science Research in Africa. pp. 25–43. ISBN 978-2869786806.
  195. ^ "Truth and Justice Commission Report Vol. 1" (PDF). Government of Mauritius. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  196. ^ Vaughan, Megan (2005). Creating the Creole Island: Slavery in Eighteenth-Century Mauritius. Durham and London: Duke University Press. pp. 46–48. ISBN 978-0822333999. Retrieved 4 July 2021.
  197. ^ Luebke, Peter C. (12 February 2021). "Mahone, William (1826–1895)". Encyclopedia Virginia. Virginia Humanities. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  198. ^ "American slave owners". Geni. Retrieved 8 July 2017.
  199. ^ Young, Jeffrey Robert. Domesticating Slavery: The Master Class in Georgia and South Carolina, 1670–1837. University of North Carolina Press, 1999, p. 93
  200. ^ Hall, Catherine (6 October 2016). "Marryat, Joseph". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography. Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/107425. Marryat, Joseph (1757–1824), West Indian slave owner, ship owner, and politician ... An inheritance of £2000 from an uncle enabled him to set up as a merchant and to invest over time in plantations and enslaved people in Trinidad, Grenada, Jamaica, and St Lucia. ... At the time of emancipation his sons Joseph Marryat (1790–1876) and Charles Marryat (1803–1884), who had taken on the merchant house, received compensation of over £40,000 for 700 enslaved men and women in Trinidad, Jamaica, St Lucia, and Grenada.
  201. ^ Paul, Joel Richard (2018). Without Precedent: Chief Justice John Marshall and His Times. Riverhead Books. ISBN 978-1594488238.
  202. ^ Copeland, Pamela C.; MacMaster, Richard K. (1975). The Five George Masons: Patriots and Planters of Virginia and Maryland. University Press of Virginia. p. 162. ISBN 0813905508.
  203. ^ a b c "Massie family papers, 1766–1920s - Archives & Manuscripts at Duke University Libraries". David M. Rubenstein Rare Book & Manuscript Library.
  204. ^ Hollingsworth, Julia (29 July 2020). "Samoan chief in New Zealand sentenced to 11 years in jail for slavery but experts say he is just the tip of the iceberg". CNN. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  205. ^ Ambuske, Jim. Accounting for Women in the Business of Slavery with Alexi Garrett (Audio). Mount Vernon.
  206. ^ Everett-Green, Robert (12 May 2018). "200 Years a Slave: The Dark History of Captivity in Canada". The Globe and Mail.
  207. ^ Van Deusen, John G. (1961). "Middleton, Henry". Dictionary of American Biography. Vol. 6 (revised ed.). New York: Scribner's. p. 600.
  208. ^ Bellamy, Donnie D.; Walker, Diane E. (1987). "Slaveholding in Antebellum Augusta and Richmond County, Georgia". Phylon. 48 (2): 165–177. doi:10.2307/274780. JSTOR 274780.
  209. ^ "1811 Jamaica Almanac – Clarendon Slave-owners". Jamaicanfamilysearch.com. Archived from the original on 10 August 2015. Retrieved 31 January 2016.
  210. ^ Agurilar-Moreno, Manuel (2006). Handbook to Life in the Aztec World. California State University, Los Angeles. p. 46. ISBN 978-0195330830.
  211. ^ Gawalt, Gerard W. (1993). "James Monroe, Presidential Planter". Virginia Magazine of History and Biography. 101 (2): 251–272.
  212. ^ "Statue of famous Italian journalist defaced in Milan". Al Jazeera. 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  213. ^ Montgomery, Frank A. (1901). Reminiscences of a Mississippian in Peace and War. Cincinnati: The Robert Clark Company Press. p. 6. LCCN 01023742. OCLC 1470413. OL 6909271M.
  214. ^ Clavin, Matthew (1 January 2016). "When Florida Men Overcame Our Racists". The Daily Beast. Retrieved 10 July 2021.
  215. ^ "Slavery through the Eyes of Revolutionary Generals". 7 November 2017.
  216. ^ "Slavery in Islam". British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC). Retrieved 7 September 2009.
  217. ^ Rose, Alexander during the American Revolutionary War. Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring. New York: Bantam Dell, a division of Random House, 2007. First published in hardcover in 2006. ISBN 978-0553383294. p. 226.
  218. ^ Chernow, Ron. Alexander Hamilton. New York: Penguin Books, 2005. ISBN 978-0143034759. Originally published New York, Penguin Press, 2004. p. 214.
  219. ^ de Graft-Johnson, John Coleman, "Mūsā I of Mali" Archived 2017-04-21 at the Wayback Machine, Encyclopædia Britannica, 15 November 2017.
  220. ^ Hochschild, Adam (2005), Bury the Chains, The British Struggle to Abolish Slavery, Basingstoke: Pan Macmillan, p. 77
  221. ^ Plutarch, The Lives, "Nicias"
  222. ^ Hunt, Peter (2018). Ancient Greek and Roman Slavery. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons. p. 104. ISBN 978-1405188050.
  223. ^ Candlin, Kit; Pybus, Cassandra (2015). "A Lasting Testament of Gratitude: Susannah Ostrehan and her nieces". Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic. University of Georgia Press. pp. 83, 89.
  224. ^ Hunwick, John O. (2004). "I Wish to be Seen in Our Land Called Afrika: Umar b. Sayyid's Appeal to be Released from Slavery (1819)" (PDF). Journal of Arabic and Islamic Studies 5.
  225. ^ "Plantation Life & Slavery". The Rosewell Foundation. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  226. ^ Régnier, Louis-Ferdinand (March 2010). "Suzanne Amomba Paillé, une femme guyanaise". Blada (in French). French Guiana. Archived from the original on 24 June 2016. Retrieved 9 November 2017.
  227. ^ Fisher, D.R. (2009). The History of Parliament: the House of Commons 1820–1832. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0521193146. Retrieved 4 April 2020.
  228. ^ "George Palmer: Profile & Legacies Summary". Legacies of British Slave-ownership. Retrieved 8 December 2020.
  229. ^ Avery, Ron (20 December 2010). "Slavery stained some unlikely founders, too". The Philadelphia Inquirer.
  230. ^ "Penrhyn Castle Slavery | The Pennants". www.spanglefish.com.
  231. ^ Garraty, John A.; Carnes, Mark C., eds. (1999). American National Biography. Vol. 17. New York and Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 414–415 – via American Council of Learned Societies.
  232. ^ Candlin, Kit; Pybus, Cassandra (2015). Enterprising Women: Gender, Race, and Power in the Revolutionary Atlantic. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4455-3.
  233. ^ "Summary of Individual | Legacies of British Slave-ownership". www.ucl.ac.uk. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  234. ^ Pares, Richard (1950). A West India Fortune. Longmans Green & Co.
  235. ^ "The Mountravers Plantation Community, 1734 to 1834". Mountravers Plantation (Pinney's Estate) Nevis, West Indies. Retrieved 28 September 2020.
  236. ^ Laërtius, Diogenes. Lives of the Eminent Philosophers.
  237. ^ Vink, Wieke (2010). Creole Jews: Negotiating Community in Colonial Suriname. Brill. p. 121. ISBN 978-9004253704.
  238. ^ Dio 52.23.2; Pliny the Elder, Natural History 9.39; Seneca the Younger, On Clemency 1.18.2.
  239. ^ Dusinberre, William (2003). Slavemaster President: The Double Career of James Polk. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0195157352.
  240. ^ Robins, Glenn. "Leonidas Polk." In Encyclopedia of the American Civil War: A Political, Social, and Military History, edited by David S. Heidler and Jeanne T. Heidler. New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2000. ISBN 978-0393047585.
  241. ^ Kinslow, Zacharie W. "Enslaved and Entrenched: The Complex Life of Elias Polk". White House Historical Association. Retrieved 23 January 2021.
  242. ^ Greenberg, Amy (2019). Lady First: The World of First Lady Sarah Polk. Knopf.
  243. ^ Fuentes, Marisa J. (2016a). "Power and historical figuring: Rachael Pringle Polgreen's Troubled Archive". In Brier, Jennifer; Downs, Jim; Morgan, Jennifer L. (eds.). Connexions: Histories of Race and Sex in North America. Champaign: University of Illinois Press. pp. 143–168. ISBN 978-0252098819 – via Project MUSE.
  244. ^ Walther, Eric H. (1992). The Fire-Eaters. Louisiana State University Press. pp. 83–111. ISBN 978-0807141519.
  245. ^ Lawler, Edward Jr. "Washington, the Enslaved, and the 1780 Law". The President's House, Philadelphia. USHistory.org. Retrieved 17 July 2020.
  246. ^ David Lodge, "John Randolph and His Slaves", Shelby County History, 1998, accessed 15 March 2011
  247. ^ Klickna, Cinda (2003). "Slavery in Illinois". Illinois Heritage. Illinois Periodicals Online.
  248. ^ Burton, Art T. (2008). Black Gun, Silver Star: The Life and Legend of Frontier Marshal Bass Reeves. Lincoln: U of Nebraska Press. ISBN 978-0803205413.
  249. ^ Mackey, Frank (2010). Done with Slavery: The Black Fact in Montreal, 1760–1840. McGill-Queen's University Press. p. 142. ISBN 978-0773535787.
  250. ^ Peter Dizikes (12 February 2018). "MIT class reveals, explores Institute's connections to slavery". MIT News Office. Retrieved 12 February 2018.
  251. ^ Lynch, John (2001). Argentine Caudillo: Juan Manuel de Rosas (2 ed.). Wilmington, Delaware: Scholarly Resources. pp. 53–54. ISBN 0842028978.
  252. ^ "Jamaica Ladies: Female Slaveholders and the Creation of Britain's Atlantic Empire, by Christine Walker". academic.oup.com. doi:10.1093/ehr/ceac212. Retrieved 10 August 2023.
  253. ^ Dale Edwyna Smith, The Slaves of Liberty: Freedom in Amite County, Mississippi, 1820–1868, Routledge, 2013, pp. 15–21
  254. ^ Stewart R. King: Blue Coat Or Powdered Wig: Free People of Color in Pre-revolutionary Saint Domingue
  255. ^ "The Royalls". Royall House & Slave Quarters. 2 October 2012. Retrieved 25 February 2016.
  256. ^ Peppiatt, Liam. "Chapter 41: A Sketch of Russell Abbey". Robertson's Landmarks of Toronto Revisited.
  257. ^ "Intellectual Founders – Slavery at South Carolina College, 1801–1865". University of South Carolina Libraries. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  258. ^ Candlin, Kit (2016). "Samson, Elisabeth (1715–1771), free colored Surinamese planter and businesswoman". In Knight, Franklin W.; Gates, Henry Louis Jr. (eds.). Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0199935802.  – via Oxford University Press's Reference Online (subscription required)
  259. ^ Emmanuel Kwaku Akyeampong, Dictionary of African Biography, Volym 1–6
  260. ^ Bregnsbo, Michael. "Ernst Schimmelmann". Den Store Danske, Gyldendal. Retrieved 1 October 2019.
  261. ^ Amrita Chakrabarti Myers, Forging Freedom: Black Women and the Pursuit of Liberty in Antebellum Charleston
  262. ^ David S. Shields, The Culinarians: Lives and Careers from the First Age of American Fine Dining
  263. ^ Wylie, W. Gill (1884). Memorial Sketch of the Life of J. Marion Sims. New York: D. Appleton and Company.
  264. ^ Papers of the New Haven Colony Historical Society, Volume 6, Tuttle, Morehouse, and Taylor: New Haven, 1900, "Negro Governors", Orville Platt, pp. 327–9
  265. ^ Franklin W. Knight and Henry Louis Gates, Jr., Dictionary of Caribbean and Afro–Latin American Biography, Oxford University Press, 2016
  266. ^ Davidson, James West. After the Fact: The Art of Historical Detection Volume 1. McGraw Hill, New York 2010, Chapter 1, p. 3
  267. ^ Achim, Viorel (2004). The Roma in Romanian History. Central European University Press. pp. 17, 35–36. ISBN 963-9241-84-9.
  268. ^ Schott, Thomas E. (1988). Alexander H. Stephens of Georgia: A Biography. Louisiana State University Press. ISBN 978-0807140963.
  269. ^ Blumrosen, Alfred W. & Blumrosen, Ruth G. Slave Nation: How Slavery United the Colonies and Sparked the American Revolution. Sourcebooks, 2005.
  270. ^ Wert, Jeffry D. Cavalryman of the Lost Cause: A Biography of J.E.B. Stuart. pp. 60–61. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2008. ISBN 978-0743278195.
  271. ^ John Stuart – Dictionary of Canadian Biography Retrieved 2015-04-07
  272. ^ "The Case Against Peter Stuyvesant". New York Almanack. 16 December 2018. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  273. ^ Smith, Stephen D. (12 October 2016). "African Americans in the Revolutionary War". South Carolina Encyclopedia. University of South Carolina, Institute for Southern Studies. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  274. ^ Larson, Kate Clifford. The Assassin's Accomplice: Mary Surratt and the Plot to Kill Abraham Lincoln. p. 21. Basic Books, 2008. ISBN 978-0465038152
  275. ^ Bugeja, Anton (2014). "Clemente Tabone: The man, his family and the early years of St Clement's Chapel" (PDF). The Turkish Raid of 1614: 42–57. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018.
  276. ^ Gardner, Eric (2013). "Scott, Harriet Robinson". African American National Biography. Oxford African American Studies Center. doi:10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.35930. ISBN 978-0195301731.
  277. ^ "Enslaved African Americans and the Fight for Freedom". Historic Fort Snelling – Minnesota Historical Society. Retrieved 11 February 2022.
  278. ^ McNeal, J., "Roger Brooke Taney", The Catholic Encyclopedia, New York: Robert Appleton Company, 1912. Retrieved May 28, 2009 from New Advent.
  279. ^ McCusker, John J.; Morgan, Kenneth (2000). The early modern Atlantic economy. Cambridge University Press. pp. 347–. ISBN 978-0521782494. Retrieved 16 October 2011.
  280. ^ Whelan, Frank (15 June 1984). "George Taylor: A Historical Perspective Founding Father's Patriotic Beliefs Cost Him Everything". The Morning Call. Retrieved 21 August 2021.
  281. ^ Stanley Nelson, Taylor's Cypress Grove Plantation, The Ouachita Citizen, August 6, 2014
  282. ^ Edward Telfair Papers, 1764–1831; 906 Items & 5 Volumes; Savannah, Georgia; "Papers of a merchant, governor of Georgia, and delegate to the Continental Congress".
  283. ^ Douglas Hall, In Miserable Slavery: Thomas Thistlewood in Jamaica, 1750–86, Macmillan, 1999, ISBN 0333480309
  284. ^ Einolf, Christopher J. George Thomas: Virginian for the Union. p. 19. Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, 2007. ISBN 978-0806138671.
  285. ^ "Madam Tinubu: Inside the political and business empire of a 19th century heroine". The Nation. Retrieved 29 July 2016.
  286. ^ Sheriff, Abdul (1987). Slaves, Spices & Ivory in Zanzibar: Integration of an East African Commercial Empire into the World Economy, 1770–1873. Athens, Ohio: Ohio University Press. p. 108.
  287. ^ "São João del-Rei On-Line / Celebridades / Joaquim José da Silva Xavier". www.sjdr.com.br. Retrieved 25 November 2018.
  288. ^ "'Disgusted' Women, Minorities Criticize Viral Atlantic Story 'My Family's Slave'". Observer. 16 May 2017. Retrieved 17 May 2017.
  289. ^ "Jackson Chapel to celebrate 150 years in special service with Bishop Jackson – www.news-reporter.com – News-Reporter".
  290. ^ Betty Myers (August 1973). "Annandale Plantation" (PDF). National Register of Historic Places – Nomination and Inventory. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  291. ^ "Saudi linguist gets reduced sentence in sex slave case". KDVR. Centennial, Colo. 25 February 2011. Archived from the original on 6 October 2011. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  292. ^ Crapol, Edward P. (2006). John Tyler, the Accidental President. University of North Carolina Press. p. 61. ISBN 978-0807830413.
  293. ^ Costello, Matthew (27 November 2019). "The Enslaved Households of President Martin Van Buren". The Whitehouse Historical Association. Retrieved 16 July 2020.
  294. ^ Williamson, N. Michelle (21 November 2013). "Joseph Vann (1798–1844)". New Georgia Encyclopedia. Retrieved 7 July 2021.
  295. ^ Stoichita, Victor (2010). "The Image of the Black in Spanish Art: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries". In Bindman, David; Gates, Jr, Henry Louis (eds.). The Image of the Black in Western Art, Volume III. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press. p. 226. ISBN 978-0674052611. OCLC 555658364.
  296. ^ Fernández-Armesto, Felipe (2007). Amerigo: The Man Who Gave His Name to America. New York: Random House. pp. 178–180.
  297. ^ Johnson, Rashauna (2016). Slavery's Metropolis: Unfree Labor in New Orleans During the Age of Revolutions. Cambridge University Press. p. 181. ISBN 978-1107133716.
  298. ^ Scott, Rebecca J.; Hébrard, Jean M. (2012). Freedom Papers: An Atlantic Odyssey in the Age of Emancipation. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 77. ISBN 978-0674065161.
  299. ^ Ronald L. Holt. Beneath These Red Cliffs. USU Press. p. 25.
  300. ^ Larson, Gustive O. "Walkara's Half Century". Western Humanities Review; Salt Lake City Vol. 6, Iss. 3, (Summer 1952): 235.
  301. ^ Williams, Don B (2004). Slavery in Utah Territory: 1847-1865. Mt Zion Books, ISBN 0974607622
  302. ^ The Sixteen Largest American Slaveholders from 1860 Slave Census Schedules Archived 2013-07-19 at the Wayback Machine, Transcribed by Tom Blake, April to July 2001, (updated October, 2001 and December 2004 – now includes 19 holders)
  303. ^ "United States Census (Slave Schedule), 1850". FamilySearch. Retrieved 7 September 2018.
  304. ^ Wong, Edlie L. (2009). Neither Fugitive nor Free. NYU Press. p. 140. ISBN 978-0814794555.
  305. ^ "Slavery at Popes Creek Plantation", George Washington Birthplace National Monument, National Park Service, accessed April 15, 2009
  306. ^ "The Net Worth of the American Presidents: Washington to Trump". 24/7 Wall St. 247wallst.com. 10 November 2016. Archived from the original on 10 April 2019. Retrieved 11 June 2020.
  307. ^ "Martha Washington & Slavery". George Washington's Mount Vernon: Digital Encyclopedia. Mount Vernon Ladies' Association. 2015. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved 4 December 2015.
  308. ^ Hyland, William G. (2015). Martha Jefferson: An Intimate Life with Thomas Jefferson. Rowman & Littlefield. pp. 33–34. ISBN 978-1442239845.
  309. ^ Henningson, Trip. "James Moore Wayne". Princeton and Slavery. Princeton University. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  310. ^ McKiven, Henry M. Jr. (30 September 2014). "Thomas Hill Watts (1863–65)". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Alabama Humanities Foundation. Retrieved 15 July 2020.
  311. ^ National Archives of Scotland website feature – Slavery, freedom or perpetual servitude? – the Joseph Knight case Retrieved May 2012
  312. ^ Fingard, Judith (1979–2016). "Wenman, Richard". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  313. ^ "The Liberation of Jane Johnson", One Book, One Philadelphia, story behind The Price of a Child, The Library Company of Philadelphia, accessed 2 March 2014
  314. ^ Bosman, Julie (18 September 2013). "Professor Says He Has Solved a Mystery Over a Slave's Novel". The New York Times. Retrieved 19 September 2013.
  315. ^ Vaughan, Dorothy Mansfield (26 February 1964). "This Was a Man: A Biography of General William Whipple". New Hampshire: The National Society of The Colonial Dames in the State of New Hampshire. Archived from the original on 18 January 2003. Retrieved 18 January 2003.
  316. ^ Dallimore, Arnold A. (2010) [1990]. George Whitefield: God's Anointed Servant in the Great Revival of the Enlightened Century. Westchester, Illinois: Crossway Books. p. 148. ISBN 978-1433513411.
  317. ^ Burley, David G. (1979–2016). "Whyte, James Matthew". Dictionary of Canadian Biography (online ed.). University of Toronto Press.
  318. ^ Great Britain Committee on Slavery (1833), "Select Committee on the Extinction of Slavery Throughout the British Dominions, Report", J. Haddon.
  319. ^ Knowlton, Steven. "LibGuides: African American Studies: Slavery at Princeton". libguides.princeton.edu. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  320. ^ Manegold (January 18, 2010), New England's scarlet 'S' for slavery; Manegold (2010), Ten Hills Farm: The Forgotten History of Slavery in the North, 41–42 Harper (2003), Slavery in Massachusetts; Bremer (2003), p. 314
  321. ^ Jon Butler, Becoming America: The Revolution Before 1776, p. 38, 2000
  322. ^ S 1539 Will of Wynflæd, circa AD 950 (11th-century copy, BL Cotton Charters viii. 38)
  323. ^ Christine Fell, Women in Anglo-Saxon England: and the Impact of 1066, p 49, ISBN 0714180572
  324. ^ Philip D. Morgan, "Interracial Sex in the Chesapeake", in Sally Hemings and Thomas Jefferson: History, Memory and Civic Culture, Eds. J.E. Lewis and P.S. Onuf. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1999, pp. 55–60.
  325. ^  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Yancey, William Lowndes". Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 28 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 902.
  326. ^ Walker, James W. St. G. (2006). "Race," Rights and the Law in the Supreme Court of Canada: Historical Case Studies. Wilfrid Laurier University Press. p. 137. ISBN 978-0889205666.
  327. ^ Wiseman, Maury. "David Levy Yulee: Conflict and Continuity in Social Memory". Jacksonville University. Retrieved 7 December 2021.
  328. ^ Flint, Richard; Flint, Shirley Cushing. "Juan de Zaldívar". Office of the State Historia, Commission of Public Records, State Records Center and Archives. Retrieved 29 August 2015.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_slave_owners&oldid=1256806035"