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RAF Waddington

Coordinates: 53°10′21″N 0°31′51″W / 53.17250°N 0.53083°W / 53.17250; -0.53083
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RAF Waddington
Near Waddington, Lincolnshire in England
The RAF's first Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joint arrives at RAF Waddington in November 2013
For Faith and Freedom[1]
RAF Waddington is located in Lincolnshire
RAF Waddington
RAF Waddington
Shown within Lincolnshire
Coordinates53°10′21″N 0°31′51″W / 53.17250°N 0.53083°W / 53.17250; -0.53083
TypeMain operating base
Area391 hectares (970 acres)[2]
Site information
OwnerMinistry of Defence
OperatorRoyal Air Force
Controlled byNo. 1 Group (Air Combat)
Conditionoperational
WebsiteOfficial website Edit this at Wikidata
Site history
Built1916; 108 years ago (1916)
In use
  • 1916–1920
  • 1937 – present
Garrison information
Current
commander		Group Captain Dominic Holland[3]
Occupants See Based units section for full list.
Airfield information
IdentifiersIATA: WTN, ICAO: EGXW, WMO: 03377
Elevation70.1 metres (230 ft) AMSL
Runways
Direction Length and surface
02/20 2,939 metres (9,642 ft) blacktop asphalt
Source: RAF Waddington Defence Aerodrome Manual[4]

Royal Air Force Waddington (IATA: WTN, ICAO: EGXW), commonly known as RAF Waddington, and informally known by its nickname 'Waddo'[5] is a Royal Air Force station located beside the village of Waddington, 4.2 miles (6.8 kilometres) south of Lincoln, Lincolnshire, in England.

The station is the RAF's Intelligence Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) hub. It is home to a fleet of aircraft composed of the Beechcraft Shadow R1, Boeing RC-135W Rivet Joint, and General Atomics MQ-9 Reaper remotely piloted aircraft. Since October 2022, it has also been home to the RAF's Aerobatic Team the Red Arrows.

History

[edit]

First World War

[edit]
RFC Waddington training station.

Waddington station opened as a Royal Flying Corps flying training aerodrome in 1916. Student pilots, including members of the US Army, were taught to fly a variety of aircraft. The station came under the control of the Royal Air Force (RAF) when it was created on 1 April 1918. It operated until 1920, when the station went into care and maintenance.[6]

During and after the First World War, the following squadrons operated from Waddington.

Interwar period

[edit]

As part of the pre-war expansion programme, the Waddington site was earmarked for development into a fully equipped heavy bomber station. It reopened as a bomber base on 12 March 1937,[6] with No. 50 Squadron arriving on the same day with their Hawker Hinds and then adding the Handley Page Hampden.[14] No. 110 Squadron arrived 15 days later, initially with the Hind before switching to the Bristol Blenheim.[15] On 7 June 1937, No. 88 Squadron reformed at Waddington with the Hind before moving to RAF Boscombe Down in Wiltshire on 17 July 1937.[16] On 16 June 1937, No. 44 Squadron moved in from RAF Andover, flying the Blenheim, before switching to the Avro Anson and the Hampden in February 1939.[17] In May 1939, No. 110 Squadron left for RAF Wattisham in Suffolk. No. 50 Squadron left the following year, being moved to RAF Lindholme in South Yorkshire.[14][15]

Second World War

[edit]
An Avro Lancaster of No. 463 Squadron RAAF at RAF Waddington in 1944. It completed sixty seven missions and twice returned safely with half the tail plane shot away.
An Avro Lancaster of No. 463 Squadron RAAF at RAF Waddington in 1944. It completed sixty seven missions and twice returned safely with half the tail plane shot away.

RAF Waddington began the Second World War housing the Hampdens of No. 44 Squadron and No. 50 Squadron. Both squadrons were in action on the same day as Britain's war declaration, attacking German naval targets at Kiel.[6][18] Waddington squadrons were also involved during the critical stages of the late summer and early autumn of 1940, attacking barges in the channel ports which were being assembled as part of the invasion fleet.[6]

In November 1940, it was the first station to receive the Avro Manchester heavy bomber.[19]

No. 44 Squadron RAF was the first in RAF Bomber Command to fly operationally with the Avro Lancaster on 2 March 1942 from Waddington.[19] BT308, the first prototype Lancaster (or Mk.III Manchester), arrived at Waddington in September 1941 for flight tests. Like RAF Scampton, the station was part of 5 Group.[20]

On 17 April 1942, seven Lancasters of No. 44 Squadron took off from Waddington as part of Operation Margin, a bombing raid on the MAN U-boat engine plant in Augsburg in Germany.[21] The squadron subsequently left Waddington on 31 May 1943, moving to RAF Dunholme Lodge, also in Lincolnshire.[17]

During the Second World War the following squadrons are known to have operated from Waddington.

During his visit to RAF Waddington in June 1944, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, meets the crews of No. 467 Squadron RAAF.
During his visit to RAF Waddington in June 1944, Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester, meets the crews of No. 467 Squadron RAAF.

In May 1975, some of the former Australian aircrew returned to the base.[28]

Cold War

[edit]

During the Cold War, RAF Waddington became an Avro Vulcan V-bomber station, with No. 83 Squadron being the first in the RAF to receive the Vulcan in May 1957. It continued in this role until 1984, when the last Vulcan squadron, No. 50 Squadron, disbanded. From 1968, the UK nuclear deterrent was transferred to Polaris submarines, beginning with HMS Resolution (S22).[29]

In August 1960, the station developed the 'sudsmobile' technique to lay a 1,000 by 30 yards (914 by 27 metres) carpet of foam in around a half-hour for a wheels-up landing. Previously it had taken around three hours to lay a foam carpet on the runway. An English Electric Canberra from RAF Wyton landed wheels-up on 23 August 1960, with a Handley Page Victor managing the same on 5 December 1960.[30]

Avro Vulcan bombers from RAF Waddington flying in formation in 1957.
Avro Vulcan bombers from RAF Waddington flying in formation in 1957.

The fiftieth anniversary of the Royal Air Force was celebrated at the base on 1 April 1968, mainly because the RAF's last flying Lancaster was based at the airfield from the mid-1960s.[31]

During the Cold War the following squadrons are known to have operated from Waddington.

RAF Waddington was home to several USAF Coronet deployments throughout the Cold War:

Falklands War

[edit]
RAF personnel on front of an Avro Vulcan at RAF Waddington prior to the aircraft's deployment to the Falklands.
RAF personnel on front of an Avro Vulcan at RAF Waddington prior to the aircraft's deployment to the Falklands.

During the Falklands War, Operation Black Buck saw three aircraft and crews from Waddington take part in a long-range bombing raid on Port Stanley airfield in the Falkland Islands. The three Vulcan B2s, of No. 44 Squadron, No. 50 Squadron, and No. 101 Squadron, were twenty-two years old, and were selected because they had the more powerful Rolls-Royce Olympus 301 engines.[42] A complicated air-to-air refuelling plan, involving fourteen Handley Page Victor K.2 tankers, was developed,[43] which was only contemplated due to the belief of Sir Mike Beetham, then Chief of the Air Staff, who had developed the RAF's in-flight refuelling capability with Vickers Valiants with 214 Squadron at RAF Marham in 1959. Spare parts for the operation were requisitioned from scrapyards in Newark-on-Trent and military museums. The K2 Victor tanker aircraft came from 55 Squadron and 57 Squadron at RAF Marham. Navigation came from the Delco Carousel inertial navigation system.[44]

Later during 1982, there was a female peace camp outside the base for five months.[45]

1990s

[edit]
An E-3D Sentry lands at RAF Waddington.

In July 1991, No. 8 Squadron moved to RAF Waddington and re-equipped with Boeing E-3 Sentrys.[46] In 1993, the only RAF Avro Vulcan bomber maintained by RAF Waddington for flying displays, XH558, was retired due to budget restraints to Bruntingthorpe Aerodrome, Leicestershire.[47]

The Electronic Warfare Operational Support Element (EWOSE – now known as the Air Warfare Centre) moved from RAF Wyton to Waddington in March 1995.[48]

In 1998, 26 Squadron RAF Regiment moved to RAF Waddington from RAF Laarbruch in Germany. The squadron was equipped with the Rapier Field standard C short range air defence missile system, and remained at Waddington until its temporary disbandment in 2008.[49]

21st century

[edit]
A Raytheon Sentinel R1 of No.5 (AC) Squadron at RAF Waddington after a heavy snowfall during November 2010.
A Raytheon Sentinel R1 of No.5 (AC) Squadron at RAF Waddington after a heavy snowfall during November 2010.

All of the aircraft-operating squadrons based at RAF Waddington were dispersed to other airfields in July 2014 when the runway was closed for rebuilding.[50] The project, valued at £35 million and due to take 12 months, actually took 26 months, and re-opened to aircraft officially in November 2016. The work was expected to increase the operational capability of the runway and airfield by 25 years.[51]

No. 216 Squadron reformed at Waddington on 1 April 2020 as an experimental unit testing future drone swarm technology.[52]

In September 2020, work to convert an existing aircraft hangar into a joint flight simulator training facility was completed. The facility, operated by the Air Battlespace Training Centre, allows simulators at different locations to be linked together, enabling UK and US crews to train with one another in scenarios which would be difficult to recreate in real life.[53][54]

No. 5 (Army Co-operation) Squadron was disbanded in March 2021 when the Sentinel R1 was withdrawn from service.[55] The E-3D Sentry was also retired in 2021, with No. 8 Squadron subsequently relocating to RAF Lossiemouth to re-equip with the Wedgetail AEW1.[56]

In August 2022, No. 39 Squadron disbanded, with a MQ-9A Reaper ground control system returning from Creech Air Force Base in Nevada to Waddington for use by No. 13 Squadron, which continued to operate the Reaper.[57]

During early October 2022, the RAF Aerobatic Team; the Red Arrows and its 146 personnel relocated to Waddington from its previous home at RAF Scampton which was scheduled to close.[58]

An MQ-9B of the type which is based at RAF Waddington.

No. 31 Squadron was re-formed at Waddington in October 2023, equipped with the General Atomics MQ-9B, a remotely piloted air system which is known as the Protector RG1 in RAF service.[59] A new hangar, support facilities and crew accommodation were constructed at Waddington; in 2018 it was said that the cost of this project would be £93 million.[60]

Role and operations

[edit]

ISTAR

[edit]
An RAF Shadow R1 based at RAF Waddington.

RAF Waddington is the RAF's Intelligence Surveillance Target Acquisition and Reconnaissance (ISTAR) hub, and is home to a fleet of aircraft composed of Shadow R1 and RC-135W Rivet Joint, and is an operating base for the RAF's MQ-9 Reaper.[61]

No. 1 Intelligence Surveillance Reconnaissance Wing formed on 1 April 2016. It is a mix of the staff and capabilities of the Tactical Imagery Intelligence Wing (TIW) at RAF Marham, No. 54 Signals Unit at RAF Digby, and No. 5 (AC) Squadron. Waddington is home to the wing headquarters.[62]

Expeditionary Air Wing

[edit]

Various units and squadrons were combined to form a new deployable air force structure, No. 34 Expeditionary Air Wing (34 EAW), at RAF Waddington on 1 April 2006.[63]

Supported units

[edit]

RAF Waddington Voluntary Band is one of seven voluntary bands within the Royal Air Force.[64]

Amateur radio licensees are not allowed to operate unattended radio beacon transmitters on 28.000–29.700 MHz, 10.000–10.125 GHz, 24.000–24.050 GHz, or 47.000–47.200 GHz within 50 kilometres (31 miles) of the Waddington airfield, centred on Ordnance Survey Grid Reference SK 985640.[65]

Based units

[edit]

The following notable flying and non-flying units are based at RAF Waddington:[66][67]

Heritage

[edit]

Station badge and motto

[edit]

The station badge depicts Lincoln Cathedral rising through the clouds, with the motto 'For Faith and Freedom' emblazoned below.[6]

Gate guardians

[edit]
Avro Vulcan XM607, RAF Waddington's gate guardian.

The gate guardian at RAF Waddington is Avro Vulcan XM607, one of three Vulcan bombers (XM597, XM598, XM607) which took part in Operation Black Buck raids between April and June 1982 during the Falklands War. XM607 was stationed at Waddington and took part in the raids, captained by pilots Flight Lieutenant Martin Withers (on mission 1 and 7) and by Squadron Leader John Reeve (on mission 2).[69] In 1984, along with all other remaining Vulcans, XM607 was retired from active service, and was preserved as the gate guardian at Waddington.[69]

A Hawker Hunter F.6A acts as gate guardian outside the No. 8 Squadron facilities at Waddington. Styled as XE620 in No. 8 Squadron markings, the aircraft was originally XE606.[70]

List of Station Commanders

[edit]
  • Group Captain Charles Elworthy 1943 – 1944
  • Air Commodore Hugh Connolly 1955 – 1956
  • Air Vice-Marshal Arthur Griffiths 1967 – 1969
  • Air Vice-Marshal Charles Maughan
  • Air Vice-Marshal Hubert Hall 1971 – 1973
  • Air Vice-Marshal Sir Richard Peirse 1973
  • Air Vice-Marshal Michael Pilkington 1979 – 1981
  • Group Captain J. Laycock 1981 – 1982
  • Air Commodore J.L. Uprichard 1983
  • Group Captain M. J. Remlinger 1995 – 1996
  • Group Captain Richard Powell September 2008 – September 2010
  • Group Captain Chris Jones 2010 – 2011
  • Group Captain Alan Gillespie 2011 – 2013
  • Air Commodore Alan Gillespie 1 November 2013 – 16 November 2013
  • Group Captain Rich Barrow 2013 – 2016
  • Group Captain Allan Marshall 2016 – 2018[71]
  • Group Captain Tom Burke 2017 – 2019[72]
  • Group Captain Steve Kilvington 2020 – 2022[73]
  • Group Captain Mark Lorriman-Hughes January 2022 – December 2023[74]
  • Group Captain Dominic 'Dutch' Holland since December 2023[3]

Previous units

[edit]

The following units were also stationed at Waddington at some point:[75]

Waddington International Airshow

[edit]
Main article: Waddington International Airshow
The Red Arrows at the 2014 Waddington International Airshow.
The Red Arrows at the 2014 Waddington International Airshow.

The first RAF Waddington International Airshow was staged at RAF Waddington in 1995, after the event was moved south from RAF Finningley, a now former Royal Air Force station east of Doncaster (now known Robin Hood Airport Doncaster Sheffield) which was closed in that year. Over the following years the RAF Waddington International Airshow developed into the largest of all Royal Air Force air shows. It took place on the first weekend in July, attracting over 140,000 visitors and representatives of air forces from all round the world. The main purpose of the show was to raise public awareness and understanding of the Royal Air Force and its role today. Eighty five percent of the proceeds from the event were distributed to the two main Service charities, the RAF Benevolent Fund (RAFBF) and the RAF Association (RAFA); the remaining 15% was donated to local causes. Since 1995, the airshow has raised almost £3 million for Service and local charities.[90]

In 2015, the station was earmarked for development, a significant part of which being concerned with the station's runway, with work scheduled for 59 weeks. This therefore ruled out an airshow during 2015. The timing of the works coincided with a review of the station in general, the continuance of the airshow being also part of the review. The outcome was that having weighed up the content of the report, it was decided that: "significant security risks as well as certain operational risks" resulted from the operation of the RAF Waddington Airshow, and therefore the airshow, for the reasons cited, would not be continued with.[91] These security risks have generally centred on RAF Waddington being used as a base for the operation of Reaper drones.[92]

In February 2016, it was announced that following an agreement between the Royal Air Force and the Royal Air Force Charitable Trust, the venue of the airshow would switch from RAF Waddington to RAF Scampton, with the hope that the airshow would be resurrected in 2017.[91]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]

Citations

[edit]
  1. ^ Pine, L.G. (1983). A dictionary of mottoes (1 ed.). London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 72. ISBN 0-7100-9339-X.
  2. ^ "Defence Estates Development Plan 2009 – Annex A". GOV.UK. Ministry of Defence. 3 July 2009. p. 18. Retrieved 24 March 2019.
  3. ^ a b "RAF Waddington". RAF.MoD.uk. Archived from the original on 25 February 2024 – via Internet Archive.
  4. ^ "RAF Waddington Defence Aerodrome Manual (DAM)" (PDF). RAF Waddington. Military Aviation Authority. 13 February 2017. Retrieved 27 August 2017.
  5. ^ a b "RAF Waddington Flying Club". RAF Flying Clubs' Association. Archived from the original on 2 February 2008. Retrieved 22 July 2017.
  6. ^ a b c d e "RAF Waddington beginnings". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 19 October 2008.
  7. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 50.
  8. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 53.
  9. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 54.
  10. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 57.
  11. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 58.
  12. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 32.
  13. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 68.
  14. ^ a b c d Jefford 1988, p. 41
  15. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 55
  16. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 51
  17. ^ a b c Jefford 1988, p. 39
  18. ^ Gooch, Sam (30 January 2015). Bombers: 44 and 420 Squadrons. Pen and Sword Books. p. 37. ISBN 9781473850996. Retrieved 9 June 2016 – via Google Books.
  19. ^ a b "Bomber Command No.207 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  20. ^ Falconer 2013, p. 201
  21. ^ "The Ausburg Raids". No. 44 (Rhodesia) Squadron Association. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  22. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 27.
  23. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 61
  24. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 69
  25. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 91
  26. ^ a b Jefford 1988, p. 94
  27. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 101
  28. ^ "ATV Today: 14.05.1975: Lancaster Bomber at RAF Waddington". MACE Archive. 23 June 2017.
  29. ^ "Royal Navy marks 50 years of submarine based nuclear weapons on patrol". UK Defence Journal. 15 June 2018. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  30. ^ "Flight - 16 December 1960 - in brief". Flightglobal.com. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  31. ^ "The Lancaster". Battle of Britain Memorial Flight. Archived from the original on 27 July 2013. Retrieved 19 June 2019.
  32. ^ Napier 2017, p. 20
  33. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 28
  34. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 31
  35. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 34
  36. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 43
  37. ^ Jefford 1988, p. 44
  38. ^ "Deployments - 1979". Sharpshooter - Military Aviation Journal. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  39. ^ "Deployments - 1985". Sharpshooter - Military Aviation Journal. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  40. ^ "Waddington's A-7 invasion". Key.aero. 21 June 2018. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  41. ^ "Deployments - 1991". Sharpshooter - Military Aviation Journal. Retrieved 10 April 2020.
  42. ^ White 2012, p. 74
  43. ^ White 2012, pp. 85–86
  44. ^ White 2012, pp. 119–121
  45. ^ "Central News: 06.04.1982: Women's Peace Camp". MACE Archive. 23 June 2017.
  46. ^ Hughes 1993, p. 19
  47. ^ Cotter 2010, p. 34
  48. ^ "Air Warfare Centre". ArmedForces.co.uk. Archived from the original on 10 February 2012. Retrieved 5 January 2012.
  49. ^ "RAF Regiment restructuring - details announced". Defense-Aerospace.com. Ministry of Defence. 21 July 2005. Retrieved 29 March 2020.
  50. ^ "RAF Waddington runway repairs". GOV.uk. Ministry of Defence. 7 March 2014. Retrieved 9 December 2016.
  51. ^ "Surveillance fleet back after runway upgrade". RAF News. No. 1408. 2 December 2016. p. 7. ISSN 0035-8614.
  52. ^ Jennings, Gareth (1 April 2020). "UK stands-up 'swarming drones' development unit". Janes. London. Retrieved 17 December 2020.
  53. ^ "Completion of training facility at RAF Waddington". GOV.UK. Defence Infrastructure Organisation and Ministry of Defence. 24 September 2020. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  54. ^ "New RAF simulation tech allows multiple pilots to interact". TheEngineer.co.uk. 17 May 2019. Retrieved 29 September 2020.
  55. ^ "RAF retires Sentinel aircraft and disbands V(AC) Squadron". Forces Network. 31 March 2021. Retrieved 31 March 2021.
  56. ^ "8 Squadron". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  57. ^ "RAF Waddington". Facebook. RAF Waddington. 15 August 2022.
  58. ^ "RAF Red Arrows move to new Lincolnshire home". Royal Air Force. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 21 October 2022.
  59. ^ a b Jennings, Gareth (12 October 2023). "RAF reconstitutes 31 Squadron as new Protector unit". Janes.com. Retrieved 30 May 2024.
  60. ^ "Waddington to operate Protector, with best of British air power on show at Air Tattoo". Royal Air Force. 13 July 2018. Retrieved 14 July 2018.
  61. ^ "Royal Air Force to get new Reaper squadron". Unmanned.co.uk. 13 May 2011. Archived from the original on 23 May 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2013.
  62. ^ "Formation of 1 ISR Wing" (PDF). Insight Magazine: 8–9. March–April 2017.
  63. ^ Cotter 2008, p. 33
  64. ^ "Voluntary Bands". RAFVoluntaryBands.co.uk. Archived from the original on 28 August 2008. Retrieved 19 February 2009.
  65. ^ "OFCOM Amateur Radio Licence Section 2 - Terms, conditions and limitations (page 23)" (PDF). OFCOM. p. 22. Archived from the original (PDF) on 11 March 2012. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  66. ^ "RAF Waddington – who's based here". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 16 April 2023.
  67. ^ "Stand-up of ISTAR Air Wing". Royal Air Force. Retrieved 11 December 2022.
  68. ^ "An introduction to...20 Works Group Royal Engineers" (PDF). Wittering View. Lance Publishing Ltd.: 18 Spring 2015.
  69. ^ a b Brookes, Andrew (2009). Vulcan Units of the Cold War. Oxford, England: Osprey Publishing. p. 94. ISBN 9781846032974 – via Google Books.
  70. ^ "Euro Demobbed - out of service military aircraft in Europe". EuroDemobbed.org.uk. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  71. ^ "RAF Waddington welcomes new station commander". 29 February 2016. Retrieved 4 October 2018.
  72. ^ "RAF Waddington: Commander". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 1 November 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2023. Group Captain Tom Burke BSc MA RAF. Group Captain Burke took over as Station Commander RAF Waddington in November 2017.
  73. ^ "RAF Waddington: Commander". Royal Air Force. Archived from the original on 3 February 2020. Retrieved 26 August 2023. Group Captain Steve Kilvington ... took Command of RAF Waddington in January 2020.
  74. ^ "RAF Waddington". RAF.MoD.uk. Archived from the original on 5 February 2022 – via Internet Archive.
  75. ^ "Waddington". Airfields of Britain Conservation Trust. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  76. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 51.
  77. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 187.
  78. ^ a b Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 137.
  79. ^ a b Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 96.
  80. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 79.
  81. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 232.
  82. ^ 1 Regiment Army Air Corps [@@1_Regt_AAC] (1 August 2021). "651 Sqn AAC moves to 1 Regt AAC" (Tweet) – via Twitter.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  83. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 101.
  84. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 103.
  85. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 105.
  86. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 114.
  87. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 228.
  88. ^ a b c Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 271.
  89. ^ Sturtivant, Hamlin & Halley 1997, p. 308.
  90. ^ "No fly zone: RAF grounds air show for good". Forces.net. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 5 July 2019.
  91. ^ a b "Scampton Airshow confirmed?". EGXWinfo Group. 19 February 2016. Retrieved 9 June 2016.
  92. ^ "Air show 'must move to Red Arrows base'". BBC News. 29 September 2015. Retrieved 4 October 2018.

Bibliography

[edit]
  • Cotter, Jarrod (2008). Royal Air Force celebrating 90 years. Stamford, UK: Key Publishing Ltd. ISBN 978-0-946219-11-7.
  • Cotter, Jarrod. "Fifty years of '558." Avro Vulcan (Aviation Classics Issue 7). London: Mortons Media Group Ltd., 2010. ISBN 978-1-906167-38-7.
  • Falconer, Jonathan. RAF Airfields of World War 2. Crécy, 2013. ISBN 978-1857803495.
  • Halpenny, B.B. Action Stations: Wartime Military Airfields of Lincolnshire and the East Midlands v. 2. Cambridge, Cambridgeshire, Patrick Stephens Ltd, 1981. ISBN 0-85059-484-7.
  • Hughes, Jim Airfield Focus 11: Lossiemouth GMS Enterprises, 1993. ISBN 978-1-870384-24-7.
  • Jefford, C.G. RAF Squadrons, a Comprehensive Record of the Movement and Equipment of all RAF Squadrons and their Antecedents since 1912. Shrewsbury, Shropshire, UK: Airlife Publishing, 1988. ISBN 1-84037-141-2.
  • Napier, Michael Tornado GR1: An Operational History Pen & Sword Aviation, 2017 ISBN 1473873029.
  • Sturtivant, R.; Hamlin, J.; Halley, J. (1997). Royal Air Force flying training and support units. UK: Air-Britain (Historians). ISBN 0-85130-252-1.
  • White, Rowland Vulcan 607 Bantam Press, 2012. ISBN 978-0-593-07126-7.
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