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Mount Hampton

Coordinates: 76°29′0″S 125°48′0″W / 76.48333°S 125.80000°W / -76.48333; -125.80000
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Mount Hampton
The caldera of Mt. Hampton viewed from the northwest.
Highest point
Elevation3,323 m (10,902 ft)
Coordinates76°29′0″S 125°48′0″W / 76.48333°S 125.80000°W / -76.48333; -125.80000[1]
Geography
Parent rangeExecutive Committee Range
Geology
Mountain typeShield volcano
Volcanic fieldMarie Byrd Land Volcanic Province

Mount Hampton[a] is a shield volcano with a circular ice-filled caldera. It is a twin volcano with Whitney Peak to the northwest and has erupted phonolite rocks. It is the northernmost of the volcanoes which comprise the Executive Committee Range in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica and was active during the Miocene.

Geography and geology

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Topographic map of Mount Hampton (1:250,000 scale) from USGS Mount Hampton

Mount Hampton is the northernmost volcano of the Executive Committee Range in Marie Byrd Land, Antarctica. It has the form of a symmetrical uneroded shield volcano[4] with an "impressive" appearance and an ice-filled[5] 6.5 by 5.5 kilometres (4.0 mi × 3.4 mi) wide caldera.[6] Like other volcanoes in the Executive Committee Range, it is a paired volcano[7] with the northwesterly 3,003 metres (9,852 ft) high Whitney Peak and the southeasterly 3,323 metres (10,902 ft) high Marks Peak, which is the main summit of Mount Hampton.[8][b] The northwesterly summit is associated with its own caldera, which is partly cut by the Mount Hampton caldera on the southeastern flank and buried by the lava flows from the latter.[10] The centres of the two calderas are about 8 kilometres (5.0 mi) apart.[11] Based on outcrops, it appears that most of the volcano is formed by flow rocks[12] but cinder and lava bombs occur at parasitic vents.[13]

The mountain rises about 1 kilometre (0.62 mi) above the surface of the West Antarctic Ice Sheet[14] which buries most of the edifice, and moraine ridges are found at its base on the ice sheet.[15] Owing to climate conditions, the persistence of permanent ice atop of the mountain is unlikely over the long term;[16] erosion there appears to have been episodic[17] with maxima during interglacials[18] and there is no evidence of cirque formation.[19] Lichens have been found on the mountain.[20]

Composition

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The volcano is formed by phonolite rocks, but parasitic vents have also erupted basanite[21] and Whitney Peak also erupted trachyte and benmoreite.[22] Hawaiite has been reported as well.[23] The volcanic rocks contain augite and feldspar; further, spinel-containing lherzolite xenoliths have been found.[24] In general, composition is unique for each volcano in the Executive Committee Range.[25]

Eruption history

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Mount Hampton is one of the oldest volcanoes of Antarctica and was active during the Miocene.[26] Despite this, it is less eroded than some younger volcanoes in the region;[27] in general, the ages of the Marie Byrd Land volcanoes are not correlated to their erosion status.[28] It appears that Whitney Peak is the older half of the edifice and that volcanic activity then migrated to Mount Hampton.[29] More generally, volcanism in the Executive Committee Range migrated southwards over time at an average rate of 0.7 centimetres per year (0.28 in/year), although Mount Hampton and its southern neighbour Mount Cumming were simultaneously active 10 million years ago.[30]

Last parasitic eruptions took place around 11.4 million years ago[31] and the youngest radiometric dates are 8.3 million years.[32] As at other volcanoes of Marie Byrd Land, the parasitic activity at Mount Hampton occurred after a long period of dormancy.[33] However, the presence around the caldera rim of snow-covered[34] inactive 10–20 metres (33–66 ft) high ice towers[c] indicate that the mountain is geothermally active[37] and may have erupted during the Holocene.[38] Later research suggested that the ice towers were actually formed by wind-driven erosion of snow and ice. There is no evidence of geothermal processes[39] and seismic activity recorded at the volcano may be due to volcano-tectonic processes or due to ice movement.[40]

See also

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Notes

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  1. ^ Discovered by the USAS on a flight, December 15, 1940, and named for Ruth Hampton, Dept. of the Interior member of the USAS Executive Committee.[2] Two field expeditions took place in 1967-1968 and 1990-1991.[3]
  2. ^ Sometimes the maximum height of Mount Hampton is given as 3,325 metres (10,909 ft).[9]
  3. ^ Ice towers form when gas escaping from fumaroles freezes in the cold Antarctic air.[35] Exposed ice towers on Mount Hampton must be recent given the high winds that would otherwise erode them.[36]

Sources

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  1. ^ GNIS
  2. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.193
  3. ^ Wilch, McIntosh and Panter 2021, p.520
  4. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  5. ^ GNIS
  6. ^ Wilch, McIntosh and Panter 2021, p.546
  7. ^ LeMasurier and Rex, 1989, p.7225
  8. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.194
  9. ^ GNIS
  10. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.189
  11. ^ Rocchi, LeMasurier and Vincenzo 2006, p.1001
  12. ^ Rocchi, LeMasurier and Vincenzo 2006, p.997
  13. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.190
  14. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  15. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.190
  16. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.442
  17. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.444
  18. ^ Carracedo et al. 2016
  19. ^ Lemasurier and Rocchi 2005, p.57
  20. ^ Scharon and Early, p.91
  21. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  22. ^ LeMasurier and Rex, 1989, p.7228
  23. ^ Panter et al. 2021, p.580
  24. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  25. ^ LeMasurier and Rex, 1989, p.7229
  26. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  27. ^ Rocchi, LeMasurier and Vincenzo 2006, p.997
  28. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.158
  29. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.189
  30. ^ LeMasurier and Rex, 1989, p.7227
  31. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.439
  32. ^ Carracedo et al. 2019, p.442
  33. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.197
  34. ^ LeMasurier p.91
  35. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.193
  36. ^ LeMasurier and Wade, 1968
  37. ^ LeMasurier and Wade, 1968
  38. ^ LeMasurier and Thompson, 1990, p.193
  39. ^ Wilch, McIntosh and Panter 2021, p.547
  40. ^ Lough et al. 2012
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