Jump to content

Same-sex marriage in Austria

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Civil unions in Austria)

Part of the LGBT rights series
Marriage

Recognized

Civil unions or registered partnerships but not marriage
Minimal recognition
See also
Notes
  1. ^ a b Performed in the Netherlands proper (including the Caribbean Netherlands), as well as in Aruba and Curaçao. May be registered in Sint Maarten in such cases, but the rights of marriage are not guaranteed.
  2. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in Niue, Tokelau, or the Cook Islands.
  3. ^ Neither performed nor recognized in six British Overseas Territories.
  4. ^ a b Neither performed nor recognized in some tribal nations. Recognized but not performed in several other tribal nations and American Samoa.
  5. ^ Registered foreign marriages confer all marriage rights. Domestic common-law marriages confer most rights of marriage. Domestic civil marriage recognized by some cities.
  6. ^ a b c d e The Coman v. Romania ruling of the European Court of Justice obliges the state to provide residency rights for the foreign spouses of EU citizens. Some member states, including Romania, do not follow the ruling.
  7. ^ A "declaration of family relationship" is available in several of Cambodia's communes which may be useful in matters such as housing, but is not legally binding.
  8. ^ Guardianship agreements, conferring some limited legal benefits, including decisions about medical and personal care.
  9. ^ Inheritance, guardianship rights, and residency rights for foreign spouses of legal residents.
  10. ^ Courts have recognised guru–shishya, nata pratha or maitri karar–type contractual relationships, but they are not legally binding.
  11. ^ Some cities and prefectures issue partnership certificates, but they are not legally binding.
  12. ^ Marriages conducted abroad between a Namibian national and a foreign spouse recognized for residency rights.
  13. ^ Hospital visitation rights through a "legal representative" status.
  1. ^ a b Not yet in effect.
LGBTQ portal

Same-sex marriage has been legal in Austria since 1 January 2019. On 4 December 2017, the Constitutional Court ruled that the non-discrimination and equality provisions of the Constitution of Austria guarantee same-sex couples the right to marry. The decision took effect on 1 January 2019, making Austria the 24th country in the world and the fifteenth in Europe to allow same-sex couples to marry nationwide. Polling indicates that a majority of Austrians support the legal recognition of same-sex marriage.[1]

Austria has also recognised same-sex registered partnerships since 1 January 2010, providing several, but not all, of the rights, benefits, obligations and responsibilities of marriage.

Unregistered cohabitation

[edit]

On 24 July 2003, the European Court of Human Rights published its decision in Karner v. Austria, which was submitted on 24 July 1997. The applicant, who died in 2000 while the case was pending, was taken to court in 1995 by his landlord who wanted to terminate the tenancy after Karner's same-sex partner died. Austrian law provided that family members had a right to succeed to a tenancy. While the case was initially dismissed by lower courts, the Constitutional Court of Austria ruled in favour of the landlord, saying the notion of "life companion" (Lebensgefährte) was only applicable to persons of the opposite sex. The European Court of Human Rights considered this ruling in violation of the anti-discrimination provisions of the European Convention on Human Rights. Since this decision, cohabiting same-sex partners have been entitled to the same tenancy rights as unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex partners.[2]

Registered partnerships

[edit]

Discussions in 2004–2006

[edit]

Between 2003 and 2007, the Social Democratic Party (SPÖ) and the Greens were in opposition while the government was led by the conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP). Both centre-left parties called for the recognition of same-sex unions. First, in June 2004, the Greens proposed a civil pact (Zivilpakt) modelled after the French civil solidarity pact. In December 2004, the SPÖ adopted a major policy decision on the issue of equal treatment for same-sex couples. In addition to calling for the introduction of registered partnerships, the party supported the investigation of opening marriage to same-sex couples. In May 2005, the Greens became the first major party to expressly call for the legalisation of same-sex marriage.[3] The Greens praised the June 2005 referendum in Switzerland legalising registered partnerships and called for equal rights in Austria.[4] In April 2006, the Vienna branch of the SPÖ followed the Greens in explicitly calling for the legalisation of marriage and adoption for same-sex couples.[5]

Passage of legislation in 2009

[edit]

Following the October 2006 election, the conservative Schüssel Government was succeeded by an SPÖ-ÖVP grand coalition on 11 January 2007. In the "Perspectives" paper released by the People's Party on 1 October 2007, the coalition announced its support for registered partnerships (German: eingetragene Partnerschaft,[6] pronounced [ˈaɪ̯nɡəˌtʁaːɡənə ˈpaʁtnɐʃaft]) similar to the Swiss model.[7] An agreed draft was released in late October 2007. It would have given couples in registered partnerships nearly the same rights as married couples, with the exception of adoption rights.[8] The registered partnership bill, based on the Swiss model, was planned to be introduced to the Austrian Parliament in September 2008; however, as the coalition of Social Democrats and the Austrian People's Party broke apart and early elections were scheduled for 28 September 2008, progress was delayed. The two parties saw considerable losses in the election but continued their grand coalition under Chancellor Werner Faymann.

In February 2009, Interior Minister Maria Fekter set up a working group, inviting delegations from Austrian LGBT rights organizations, including the Rechtskomitee Lambda (Lambda Legal Committee), RosaLila PantherInnen (Pink and Lavender Panthers) and HOSI Linz, Salzburg, Tyrol and Vienna, to hold talks on the issue of partnership recognition for same-sex couples.[9] Fekter announced that a registered partnership bill would be introduced and enacted in autumn 2009 and would become effective on 1 January 2010.[10] On 12 October 2009, the Greens urged the government to keep to its promise of having registered partnerships implemented by January 2010, with Green justice spokesman Albert Steinhauser saying that "time was running out" for the proposed law. The party also called for opening marriage to same-sex couples.[11] The next day, the Minister of Justice, Claudia Bandion-Ortner, announced that a registered partnership law would be announced "in a few weeks". She said that such a law was in the process of being drafted, with some aspects of it still being under contention. A particular area of contention was whether registered partnerships should include a ceremony at the Standesamt.[12]

On 11 November 2009, Bandion-Ortner presented a bill, which was rejected by the SPÖ because the bill did not include ceremonies.[13][14][15][16][17] On 17 November 2009, the Faymann Government finally approved the registered partnership bill proposed by the Minister of Justice.[18] Registered partnerships provide equal rights in labour, immigration, pension, tax, and civil law to same-sex couples as marriage does to opposite-sex couples. It also allows registered partners to take a common surname. The bill was passed on 10 December by the National Council in a 110–64 vote.[19][20] The two governing parties voted in favour, while the Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) voted against and the Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ) and the Greens voted mostly against. The Greens considered it a step in the right direction, but thought it did not go far enough.[21] It was passed by the Federal Council in a 44–8 vote on 18 December.[22] On 30 December, the law was published in the Bundesgesetzblatt, and took effect on 1 January 2010.[23][24] The first four partnerships were registered in Vienna on 4 January 2010.

10 December 2009 vote in the National Council[25]
Party Voted for Voted against
 G  Social Democratic Party of Austria (SPÖ)
54
 –
 G  Austrian People's Party (ÖVP)
51
 –
  Freedom Party of Austria (FPÖ) –
30
  Alliance for the Future of Austria (BZÖ)
3
17
  The Greens – The Green Alternative (Grüne)
2
17
Total 110 64

The Austrian LGBT rights organisation Rechtskomitee Lambda noted at the time the law was passed that there were 72 differences between registered partnerships and marriage.[26] An opposite-sex couple applied for a registered partnership in February 2010, despite the legislation being created specifically for same-sex couples.[27][28] The issue was mooted in December 2017 when the Constitutional Court ruled that the restriction of registered partnerships to same-sex couples was discriminatory and mandated that opposite-sex couples have the right to enter into registered partnerships from 1 January 2019.[29][30]

Expansion of partnership rights

[edit]

In January 2013, the Constitutional Court ruled that the registered partnership law was partially unconstitutional, broadening the rights of registered partners.[31] On 19 February 2013, the European Court of Human Rights ruled in X and Others v. Austria that a partner in a same-sex union has the right to adopt his or her partner's biological child. On 5 July 2013, the Austrian Parliament passed the Adoptionsrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2013, allowing stepchild adoption by same-sex couples. The law entered into force on 1 August 2013.[32][33][34] In January 2015, the Constitutional Court found the existing adoption laws to be unconstitutional and ordered the laws to be changed by 31 December 2015 to allow joint adoption by same-sex couples.[35][36] On 30 October 2015, Justice Minister Wolfgang Brandstetter announced that the ban would no longer be enforced from 1 January 2016, thus allowing the court's decision to automatically abolish the joint adoption ban.[37]

In June 2013, in the run-up to that year's election, the newly founded liberal party NEOS – The New Austria published a policy position paper including support for equal rights for registered partners, including adoption rights.[38] The SPÖ-ÖVP coalition government continued following the elections. Although the SPÖ had campaigned on an LGBT rights platform, the coalition agreement did not include any measures to expand LGBT rights, due to opposition from the conservative ÖVP.[39]

In late September 2016, the ÖVP-led ministries agreed to remove two prominent differences between registered partnerships and marriages: it would be possible to register a partnership at the Standesamt (municipal civil registration) rather than the Bezirkshauptmannschaften (district authorities), and registered partners would have a regular Familienname (family name) rather than a Nachname (last name), which was specifically created for partnerships.[40][41] Following approval by the Council of Ministers on 22 November 2016 and by Parliament on 15 December, the law took effect on 1 April 2017.[42] The Deregulierungs- und Anpassungsgesetz 2016, which included various other unrelated changes such as amendments to the gun law, was approved by both governing parties and NEOS and opposed by the FPÖ, the Greens and Team Stronach.[43] Opposition parties criticised mixing unrelated legal matters in one law.[44]

Statistics

[edit]

By June 2019, 4,173 same-sex couples had entered into registered partnerships,[45] mostly in Vienna. The number of same-sex registered partnerships performed each year per state is shown in the table below.[46][47]

State 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Burgenland 12 7 7 10 8 1 8 11 8 2 0 0 1 1 76
Carinthia 17 20 12 22 23 22 22 22 14 3 3 2 4 2 188
Lower Austria 106 49 52 42 38 59 50 62 54 8 7 17 9 16 569
Salzburg 32 17 19 20 24 22 25 38 19 1 4 5 5 5 236
Styria 74 46 46 35 51 64 46 53 54 11 11 8 9 8 516
Tyrol 45 23 23 33 28 36 37 43 44 6 5 4 4 6 337
Upper Austria 58 43 41 32 36 42 58 60 51 8 7 9 7 13 465
Vienna 349 225 179 159 185 167 215 227 198 65 45 52 64 60 2,190
Vorarlberg 12 3 7 15 9 10 16 13 22 6 1 6 3 1 124
Total 705 433 386 368 402 423 477 529 464 110 83 103 106 112 4,701

Different-sex couples have been allowed to enter into registered partnerships since 1 January 2019. In 2019, 1,135 opposite-sex couples entered into such a union, followed by 1,173 more couples in 2020.

Same-sex marriage

[edit]
Laws regarding same-sex partnerships in Europe¹
  Marriage
  Civil union
  Limited domestic recognition (cohabitation)
  Limited foreign recognition (residency rights)
  Unrecognized
  Constitution limits marriage to opposite-sex couples
¹ May include recent laws or court decisions that have not yet entered into effect.

History

[edit]

Austria indirectly saw its first same-sex marriage in 2006 when the Constitutional Court granted a transgender woman the right to change her legal gender to female while remaining married to her wife.[48] The court invalidated a regulation that required married transgender people to divorce before their new gender was legally recognised.[49]

On 20 November 2013, the opposition Greens introduced a bill to the National Council to legalise same-sex marriage.[50] It was sent to the Judiciary Committee on 17 December 2013 but was delayed by the ruling SPÖ-ÖVP coalition government.[51] The bill was due to be debated in autumn 2014.[52] In 2013, a same-sex couple, married in the Netherlands and resident in Austria, who wanted to get married under Austrian law to remove uncertainties regarding their marital status, filed a case with the Constitutional Court, but it was dismissed on 12 March 2014.[53][54]

On 18 June 2015, the National Council rejected a proposal from the Greens requiring the Faymann Government to introduce same-sex marriage legislation. Out of 136 representatives, 26 voted for and 110 voted against the proposal.[55] The Social Democrats (SPÖ) voted against, pointing to the fact that their coalition partner, the Austrian People's Party (ÖVP), opposed same-sex marriage. NEOS supported the motion, while Team Stronach and the Freedom Party (FPÖ) joined the two governing parties in opposing the proposal.[56] Subsequently, an initiative "Ehe Gleich!" (pronounced [ˈeːə glaɪ̯ç]) was launched to force Parliament to reconsider legalising same-sex marriage.[57][58] The Petitions Committee of the National Council started considering the initiative on 17 November 2015, and called on the Ministry of Justice, led by Minister Wolfgang Brandstetter, and the Ministry of Families, led by Minister Sophie Karmasin, to state their positions.[59] The Ministry of Families claimed that this issue fell outside of its area of responsibility, while the Ministry of Justice said that extending marriage to same-sex couples was "not necessary". In November 2015, the "Ehe Gleich!" initiators further filed a lawsuit challenging the same-sex marriage ban.[60] The case was dismissed by the Vienna Administrative Court on 21 December 2015.[61] The plaintiffs appealed to the Constitutional Court.[62] A second same-sex marriage lawsuit was heard in the Upper Austrian Administrative Court in Linz on 21 March 2016,[63] but was dismissed by the court on 15 April 2016.[64]

On 30 June 2016, the Petitions Committee of the National Council, which had previously asked for the positions of the ÖVP-led Ministries of Justice and Families, considered the "Ehe Gleich!" initiative again and requested the positions of other (SPÖ-led) ministries. The Ministry of Social Affairs, led by Minister Alois Stöger, responded unequivocally in favour of legalisation.[65] The Ministry of Health and Women, led by Minister Sabine Oberhauser, also responded in favour. These responses were followed by further calls from party colleagues for the legalisation of same-sex marriage, while the coalition partner ÖVP largely remained silent on the issue.[66] However, the Constitutional Office, led by Minister Thomas Drozda, gave a response which was similar to the ÖVP-led ministries, rather than in line with what his SPÖ colleagues stated.[67] Subsequently, the Office of Federal Chancellor Christian Kern, only in office for a few months, stated that same-sex marriage should be legalised.[68] As the Constitutional Office falls under the Office of the Chancellor, the latter's position superseded Drozda's position that had not been in line with the other SPÖ ministers.[69] On 6 October 2016, the "Ehe Gleich!" initiative was considered again by the Petitions Committee, which decided to ask for an international legal comparison by the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. This meant the initiative would remain pending until at least January 2017.[70] On 18 January 2017, the Committee asked for an opinion from the national civil servants association.[71] In May 2017, when snap elections were called for 15 October 2017, the Greens proposed a summer deadline for the introduction of same-sex marriage. However, this was rejected by Parliament, with only NEOS supporting the Greens' proposal.[72]

Constitutional Court ruling

[edit]

On 12 October 2017, the Constitutional Court agreed to consider one of the cases challenging the law barring same-sex marriage.[73][74][75] On 4 December 2017, the Constitutional Court struck down the ban as unconstitutional, ruling that preventing same-sex couples from marrying violates the principles of equality and non-discrimination of the Constitution of Austria.[29][30] Same-sex marriage became legal on 1 January 2019, though the Parliament had the option to change the law sooner.[29][30] The ruling also allowed the couples involved in the challenge to marry immediately.[76][77] On 6 December, the Social Democrats, which introduced a bill to legalise same-sex marriage on 9 November 2017, said it would continue to push for its approval, in the hopes of allowing same-sex couples to marry sooner than 1 January 2019.[78][79][80] On 13 December 2017, another same-sex marriage bill was introduced by MP Nikolaus Scherak.[81] On 31 January 2018, SPÖ deputies withdrew their bill and introduced a new one.[82][83] No further action was taken on any of the bills prior to the date of the ruling's coming into effect, as the conservative First Kurz Government opposed same-sex marriage.

In September 2018, Justice Minister Josef Moser began preparations to implement the ruling, which would legalise same-sex marriage and open registered partnerships to different-sex couples.[84] Ultimately, same-sex marriage became legal on 1 January 2019, as the Parliament took no action to legalize it sooner.[85][86][87]

Article 44 of the Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch now reads:[88] Family relationships are established by the contract of marriage. In a marriage contract, two persons legally declare their will to live in an inseparable community, to rear children, to educate them, and to afford each other mutual aid.[a] Previously, the article contained the text "of the opposite sex" (verschiedenen Geschlechtes) after "persons" (Personen). This was repealed, effective from 1 January 2019.[88]

First same-sex marriage

[edit]

On 12 October 2018, the first same-sex marriage was performed in Vienna for a lesbian couple (one of the five plaintiff couples that challenged the same-sex marriage ban in court). Unlike other couples (who had to wait until 1 January 2019), the Constitutional Court allowed the plaintiff couples to marry immediately after its ruling legalizing same-sex marriage.[89][90]

Subsequent changes

[edit]

Days after the decision of the Constitutional Court came into effect on 1 January, the Ministry of the Interior instructed registries in Austria not to perform same-sex marriages if one of the spouses came from a country or territory that had not legalised same-sex marriage.[91] This was controversial, and in June 2019 the Social Democrats pledged to repeal this directive.[92] Legal Committee Lambda (Rechtskomitee Lambda; RKL) filed a challenge in court. On 26 June, the Judiciary Committee of the National Council passed a bill introduced by MP Irmgard Griss to amend the Private International Law Act (German: Gesetz über das internationale Privatrecht) to allow same-sex marriages even if one of the spouses' homeland does not recognize such unions.[93] On 2 July, the bill was approved by the National Council with only the Freedom Party opposed.[94][95][96] The legislation was approved by the Federal Council on 11 July,[97] published in the Bundesgesetzblatt, and took effect on 1 August 2019.[98][99][100][101][102]

Another notable discrimination for same-sex couples concerned couples who had married abroad before 1 January 2019. Their relationship would not be automatically registered as a marriage upon coming back home in Austria, and the couples had to divorce first and then re-marry. An application to end this unequal treatment was submitted by SPÖ equal treatment spokesman Mario Lindner to the Committee on Internal Affairs in January 2019.[94] RKL said that should the Ministry of the Interior insist on not rectifying this matter they would file a constitutional challenge in court. The Ministry issued regulations on 26 February 2019 permitting foreign same-sex marriages to be registered in Austria.[103][104]

Statistics

[edit]

The number of same-sex marriages performed in Austria is shown in the table below.[105][91][47]

State 2019 2020 2021 2022 2023 Total
Burgenland 12 7 14 16 28 77
Carinthia 67 33 35 45 30 210
Lower Austria 139 95 97 129 127 587
Salzburg 39 37 42 48 50 216
Styria 118 75 67 107 97 464
Tyrol 84 42 65 71 53 315
Upper Austria 92 69 71 106 92 430
Vienna 285 231 215 255 279 1,265
Vorarlberg 24 23 26 14 29 116
Total 860 612 632 791 785 3,680

Religious performance

[edit]

The Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Austria has allowed its congregations to bless same-sex marriages since 2019. Couples who have first had a civil marriage can have their union blessed at the church service. The measure was passed with a two-thirds majority by the synod in March 2019.[106] The church, with an estimated 265,000 followers, became the largest Christian denomination in Austria to offer same-sex marriages. The smaller Reformed Church in Austria has also allowed solemnizations of same-sex marriages since 2019.[107]

The Old Catholic Church of Austria has performed blessings of same-sex relationships since the late 1990s. In 2019, the church began discussing the possibility of blessing same-sex marriages.[108] The synod passed a measure on 3 July 2022 allowing same-sex couples to marry in the church.[109]

The Catholic Church opposes same-sex marriage and does not allow its priests to officiate at such marriages. In December 2023, the Holy See published Fiducia supplicans, a declaration allowing Catholic priests to bless couples who are not considered to be married according to church teaching, including the blessing of same-sex couples.[110] Archbishop of Salzburg Franz Lackner reacted to the declaration, "I believe that the Church recognizes that a relationship between two of the same sex is not entirely without truth: there is love, there is loyalty, there is also hardship shared and lived in faithfulness. This should also be recognized.", adding that "[b]asically, one can no longer say no" to a same-sex couple's request for a blessing.[111] Blessings of same-sex unions are allowed in the Diocese of Linz.[112]

Public opinion

[edit]

A 2006 Eurobarometer poll surveying up to 30,000 people showed that support for same-sex marriage among Austrians was at 49% (higher than the EU average of 44%).[113]

A November 2013 poll by Market for Der Standard found that 61% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage (41% "fully" and 20% "somewhat"), while 33% were opposed (15% "fully" and 18% "somewhat"). Adoption by same-sex couples was supported by 56% of respondents (35% "fully" and 21% "somewhat") and opposed by 37% (22% "fully" and 15% "somewhat").[114] A May 2014 poll by Market for ORF found that support had increased to 73% (48% "fully" and 25% "somewhat"), while 24% of respondents were opposed (15% "fully" and 9% "somewhat"), and 3% did not answer. Support was higher among women and younger people.[115][116][117]

The 2015 Eurobarometer found that 62% of Austrians thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 32% were opposed.[118] A July 2017 poll for Österreich found that 59% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage and 25% were against, while 16% did not answer.[119] The poll showed that 79% of NEOS voters supported same-sex marriage, as did 73% of Green voters, 71% of SPÖ voters, 56% of ÖVP voters, and 46% of FPÖ voters.

A Pew Research Center poll, conducted between April and August 2017 and published in May 2018, showed that 72% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage, 25% were opposed and 3% did not know or refused to answer.[120] When divided by religion, 87% of religiously unaffiliated people, 86% of non-practicing Christians and 42% of church-attending Christians supported same-sex marriage.[121]

A September 2018 poll for Österreich found that 74% of Austrians supported same-sex marriage and 26% were opposed.[122] The 2019 Eurobarometer found that 66% of Austrians thought same-sex marriage should be allowed throughout Europe, while 30% were opposed.[123] The 2023 Eurobarometer showed that support was similar, at 65%, while 30% were opposed. The survey also found that 66% of Austrians thought that "there is nothing wrong in a sexual relationship between two persons of the same sex", while 28% disagreed.[1]

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ German: Die Familien-Verhältnisse werden durch den Ehevertrag gegründet. In dem Ehevertrage erklären zwey Personen gesetzmäßig ihren Willen, in unzertrennlicher Gemeinschaft zu leben, Kinder zu zeugen, sie zu erziehen und sich gegenseitigen Beystand zu leisten.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b "Eurobarometer 2023: Discrimination in the European Union". europa.eu. Retrieved 1 January 2024.
  2. ^ "CASE OF KARNER v. AUSTRIA". Archived from the original on 2010-12-27. Retrieved 2010-10-02.
  3. ^ "Greens are Calling for Gay Marriage" (PDF). 2004-05-24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  4. ^ "Grüne-Wien fordern nach Schweiz-Referendum Öffnung der Ehe für Lesben und Schwule". OTS. 6 June 2005. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  5. ^ "RKL Welcomes Call of Vienna Social-Democrats for Same-Sex Marriage" (PDF). 2006-04-24. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  6. ^ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot". Verfassungsgerichtshof Österreich (in German). 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 5 April 2024. Retrieved 11 June 2024.
  7. ^ "Austrian government plans registered gay partnerships". Pink News. 24 October 2007. Archived from the original on 1 July 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  8. ^ "Homosexuelle dürfen heiraten – und sich leichter trennen" (in German). DiePresse.com. 25 October 2007. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  9. ^ "Registered partnership on 1. January 2010". 18 February 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 18 February 2009.
  10. ^ "Gespräche mit Maria Fekter..." (in German). 2009-02-18. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2009-02-18.
  11. ^ "Grüne fordern rasche Umsetzung der Homo-Ehe" (in German). Die Presse. 2009-10-12. Archived from the original on 2016-12-20. Retrieved 2009-10-12.
  12. ^ (in German) Bandion-Ortner: Einigung in "wenigen Wochen" Archived 2020-03-14 at the Wayback Machine, Der Standard, 13 October 2009
  13. ^ "Der Gesetzesentwurf". GGG.at (in German). Archived from the original on 8 March 2016. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  14. ^ "Österreich: "Apartheid-Kurs" bei Homo-Ehe?". Queer.de (in German). 1 November 2009. Archived from the original on 3 November 2009. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  15. ^ "ÖSTERREICH: Fekter gegen "Homo-Ehe" am Standesamt". APA-OTS (in German). 5 November 2009. Archived from the original on 23 July 2020. Retrieved 20 January 2010.
  16. ^ "Österreich: Bundeskanzler spricht sich für Homo-Ehe am Standesamt aus". Pride 1 Radio (in German). 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
  17. ^ "ÖVP sperrt sich weiter gegen Standesamt". GGG.at (in German). 16 November 2009. Archived from the original on 20 December 2016. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  18. ^ "Austrian government approves same-sex partnership rights". Top News. 17 November 2009. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 17 November 2009.
  19. ^ "Wir arbeiten gerade an unserer Website". www.timm.de. Archived from the original on 2020-04-13. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  20. ^ "Austrian parliament OKs gay civil unions". 365Gay. Associated Press. 10 December 2009. Archived from the original on 14 December 2009.
  21. ^ "PK-Nr. 1097/2009". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2016-12-18.
  22. ^ "Bundesrat beschließt Homo-Ehe". GGG.at (in German). 18 December 2009. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 18 December 2016.
  23. ^ "RIS - BGBLA_2009_I_135 - Bundesgesetzblatt authentisch ab 2004". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2019-05-18. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  24. ^ "RIS Dokument". www.ris.bka.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2019-05-17. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  25. ^ "Parlamentarische Materialien". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2017-12-06. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  26. ^ "72 differences to marriage". 2009-11-23. Archived from the original on 2013-10-23. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  27. ^ "A straight Austrian couple wants a same-sex marriage". 2010-02-20. Archived from the original on 2016-03-04. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  28. ^ "Austrians seek right to partnerships created for gays". BBC News. 17 May 2010. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  29. ^ a b c "Same-sex marriage - Der Österreichische Verfassungsgerichtshof". www.vfgh.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2018-01-09. Retrieved 2018-03-29.
  30. ^ a b c "Austria: Same-Sex Couples Allowed to Get Married Starting January 2019". Library of Congress. 12 December 2017. Archived from the original on 25 January 2018. Retrieved 25 January 2018.
  31. ^ "Österreich: Homo-Paare müssen "Ja" sagen dürfen". queer.de. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  32. ^ "Österreich führt Stiefkindadoption ein – Kirche poltert". queer.de. Archived from the original on 2018-10-02. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  33. ^ "Austria becomes the 14th European country to allow same-sex second-parent adoption". ILGA Europe. August 1, 2013. Archived from the original on July 5, 2019. Retrieved December 16, 2016.
  34. ^ Adoptionsrechts-Änderungsgesetz 2013 Archived 2018-01-26 at the Wayback Machine, Austrian Parliament
  35. ^ "Adoptionsverbot für homosexuelle Partner aufgehoben". Vienna Online. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  36. ^ "Österreich: Adoptionsverbot für Homo-Paare verfassungswidrig". Queer.de. 14 January 2015. Archived from the original on 14 January 2019. Retrieved 14 January 2015.
  37. ^ "derStandard.at". DER STANDARD. Archived from the original on 2017-06-30. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  38. ^ "FAMILIE" (PDF). 2013-06-09. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2013-10-02. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  39. ^ "SPÖ hat LGBTs (wieder) verraten: kein Wort zu LGBT-Gleichstellung im GroKo-Programm". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 13 December 2013. Archived from the original on 18 September 2016. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  40. ^ "ÖVP gibt nach: Partnerschaft am Standesamt". GGG.at. 22 September 2016. Archived from the original on 12 August 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  41. ^ "Öffnung des Standesamtes: RKL lobt ÖVP". GGG.at. 23 September 2016. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 1 October 2016.
  42. ^ "FPÖ macht das letzte Mal gegen Partnerschaft am Standesamt mobil". GGG.at. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 15 December 2016.
  43. ^ Deregulierungs- und Anpassungsgesetz 2016 - Inneres (1345 d.B.) Archived 2016-12-20 at the Wayback Machine, Austrian Parliament
  44. ^ "FPÖ/AUF: Lausch/Herbert: Skurriler rot-schwarzer Kuhhandel schadet parlamentarischer Willensbildung". APA-OTS. 15 December 2016. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  45. ^ "Wien rechnet mit Rekord bei Europride-Parade". Der Standard (in German). 15 June 2019. Archived from the original on 16 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  46. ^ "Begründungen eingetragener Partnerschaften seit 2010 nach ausgewählten Merkmalen". statistik.at (in German). Archived from the original on 2022-06-30. Retrieved 2022-06-30.
  47. ^ a b "Mehr Eheschließungen 2022 als vor Corona" (PDF) (in German). 2023. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 June 2023. Retrieved 13 August 2023.
  48. ^ "Austria gets first same-sex marriage". 365gay.com. 2006-07-05. Archived from the original on 2007-10-17. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  49. ^ "TransGender and Human Rights in Austria" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2015-12-08. Retrieved 2015-11-30.
  50. ^ "Nationalrat: Grüne bringen Antrag zur Ehe-Öffnung für Lesben und Schwule ein". Thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 20 November 2013. Archived from the original on 13 March 2017. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  51. ^ "49/A (XXV. GP) - Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Änderung". www.parlament.gv.at. Archived from the original on 2019-05-24. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  52. ^ "Willkommen bei GGG.at". GGG.at. Archived from the original on 2019-01-01. Retrieved 2019-01-01.
  53. ^ "Schwulen-Ehe ist vor Höchstrichtern". Kurier. 14 October 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  54. ^ "VERFASSUNGSGERICHTSHOF B 166/2013-17" (PDF). Archived (PDF) from the original on 2020-04-14. Retrieved 2015-01-14.
  55. ^ Entschließungsantrag betreffend Ehe für alle Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Parliament
  56. ^ Verrat in Rot: SPÖ stimmt im Parlament gegen Ehe-Öffnung Archived 2016-09-18 at the Wayback Machine, thinkoutsideyourbox.net
  57. ^ Werbeagentur, CIDCOM. "Ehe Gleich!". www.ehe-gleich.at. Archived from the original on 2018-03-29. Retrieved 2015-11-24.
  58. ^ Ehe Gleich! Aufhebung des Eheverbots für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare (85/BI) Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, Parliament of Austria
  59. ^ Parliament Requests Government´s Views on Marriage Equality Archived 2018-06-12 at the Wayback Machine, 24 November 2015, RKL
  60. ^ "Children of same-sex couples protest marriage laws". thelocal.at. 27 November 2015. Archived from the original on 1 September 2019. Retrieved 30 November 2015.
  61. ^ "Verwaltungsgericht lehnt Klage gegen Eheverbot für LGBT ab". thinkoutsideyourbox.net. 21 December 2015. Archived from the original on 18 April 2016. Retrieved 21 December 2015.
  62. ^ "Families fight Austria's gay marriage ban". The Local. 23 March 2016. Archived from the original on 29 April 2019. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  63. ^ "Oberösterreich: Lesbisches Paar und Kind klagen gegen..." Die Presse. March 21, 2016. Archived from the original on August 7, 2020. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  64. ^ "Österreich: Zweite Klage auf Ehe-Öffnung gescheitert". Queer.de. 16 April 2016. Archived from the original on 16 April 2019. Retrieved 16 April 2016.
  65. ^ "Sozialminister Alois Stöger will die Ehe öffnen". GGG.at. 12 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  66. ^ "Ehe-Öffnung: SPÖ demonstrativ hinter Stöger". GGG.at. 16 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 23 August 2016.
  67. ^ "SPÖ-Ministerbüro sieht keine Notwendigkeit für Ehe-Öffnung". GGG.at. 24 August 2016. Archived from the original on 28 August 2016. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  68. ^ "Bundeskanzler Christian Kern für Öffnung der Ehe". GGG.at. 29 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  69. ^ "Ehe-Öffnung: SPÖ bügelt Fehler in Stellungnahme aus". GGG.at. 30 August 2016. Archived from the original on 31 July 2018. Retrieved 31 August 2016.
  70. ^ "Initiative "Ehe gleich" heute wieder im Petitionenausschuss". GGG.at. 6 October 2016. Archived from the original on 13 July 2018. Retrieved 9 October 2016.
  71. ^ "PK-Nr. 35 /2017". Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved February 10, 2017.
  72. ^ "SPÖ stimmt heute im Nationalrat gegen die Öffnung der Ehe". GGG.at. 16 May 2017. Archived from the original on 17 October 2017. Retrieved 16 May 2017.
  73. ^ Mader, Herwig Hakan (October 17, 2017). "Verfassungsgerichtshof könnte die Ehe in Österreich noch dieses Jahr öffnen". Archived from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  74. ^ "derStandard.at". DER STANDARD. Archived from the original on 2018-06-12. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  75. ^ "VfGH prüft Eheöffnung für gleichgeschlechtliche Paare in Österreich". kurier.at. 17 October 2017. Archived from the original on 18 October 2017. Retrieved 18 October 2017.
  76. ^ "Unterscheidung zwischen Ehe und eingetragener Partnerschaft verletzt Diskriminierungsverbot". Verfassungsgerichtshof Osterreich (Constitutional Court of Austria) (in German). 5 December 2017. Archived from the original on 15 April 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  77. ^ Agerholm, Harriet (5 December 2017). "Austria court legalises same-sex marriage from start of 2019, ruling all existing laws discriminatory". The Independent. Archived from the original on 18 June 2019. Retrieved 5 December 2017.
  78. ^ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (9/A)". Austrian Parliament. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  79. ^ ""Homo-Ehe": SPÖ will Öffnung noch vor 2019 umsetzen". vienna.at. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 27 October 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  80. ^ "SPÖ drängt auf rasche Öffnung der Ehe für alle". Kleine Zeitung. 6 December 2017. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
  81. ^ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (25/A)". Austrian Parliament. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  82. ^ "Zurückziehung (Zu 9/A)". Austrian Parliament. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 31 January 2018.
  83. ^ "Allgemeines bürgerliches Gesetzbuch, Eingetragene Partnerschaft-Gesetz, Änderung (97/A)". Austrian Parliament. Archived from the original on 23 November 2018. Retrieved 6 February 2018.
  84. ^ Nachrichten, Salzburger (31 August 2018). "Minister Moser: Ehe und Eingetragene Partnerschaft für alle". www.sn.at. Archived from the original on 6 September 2018. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
  85. ^ "Austrian women celebrate country's first same-sex marriage". Yahoo!. Associated Press. 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 21 March 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  86. ^ "Ehe nun wirklich für alle". ORF (in German). 1 January 2019. Archived from the original on 31 March 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  87. ^ Hakan Mader, Herwig (1 January 2019). "Velden: Erstes gleichgeschlechtliches Ehepaar heiratet kurz nach Mitternacht". GGG.at (in German). Archived from the original on 2 January 2019. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  88. ^ a b "§ 44 Begriff der Ehe". www.jusline.at (in German). Archived from the original on 2019-12-21. Retrieved 2019-09-14.
  89. ^ "Women tie the knot in Austria's first same-sex marriage". ABC News. 12 October 2018. Archived from the original on 26 October 2018. Retrieved 14 October 2018.
  90. ^ "Erste Ehe eines gleichgeschlechtlichen Paares in Österreich". Die Presse. October 12, 2018. Archived from the original on June 9, 2019. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  91. ^ a b "Trotz Ehe für alle: Neue Heiratsverbote für homosexuelle Paare". Der Standard (in German). 24 January 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 4 February 2019.
  92. ^ "TOGETHER & PROUD": WIEN ERSTRAHLT IN REGENBOGENFARBEN". Kosmo.at (in German). 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 17 June 2019. Retrieved 17 June 2019.
  93. ^ "Nationalrat einigt sich auf Ehe für wirklich alle". GGG.at (in German). 26 June 2019. Archived from the original on 12 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  94. ^ a b "Nationalrat hat Ehe für alle wirklich alle beschlossen". GGG.at (in German). 5 July 2019. Archived from the original on 22 July 2022. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  95. ^ "Österreich: Parlament einstimmig für Verbot von Homo-"Heilung"". Queer.de (in German). 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 11 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  96. ^ "Lindner ad "Ehe für ALLE": Nach Stopp für "Homo-Heiler" beschließt Nationalrat gleich den nächsten Schritt". OTS.at (in German). 2 July 2019. Archived from the original on 3 July 2019. Retrieved 11 July 2019.
  97. ^ Krickler, Kurt (17 July 2019). "Ehe für wirklich alle". Der Standard (in German). Archived from the original on 31 July 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  98. ^ Hakan Mader, Herwig (1 August 2019). "Ab heute dürfen alle schwulen und lesbischen Paare in Österreich heiraten". GGG.at (in German). Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  99. ^ "Volle Anrechnung der Karenzzeiten nun in Kraft". Weiner Zeitung (in German). 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 6 August 2020. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  100. ^ "Volle Anrechnung der Karenzzeiten ab heute wirksam". OÖNachrichten (in German). 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  101. ^ "Österreich öffnet Ehe wirklich für alle". Queer.de (in German). 1 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  102. ^ "Austria elimina las trabas a la celebración de bodas entre parejas del mismo sexo binacionales". dosmanzanas (in Spanish). 5 August 2019. Archived from the original on 7 August 2019. Retrieved 7 August 2019.
  103. ^ "Gleichgeschlechtliche Ehe in Österreich: Eintragung von Eheschließungen vor 2019 im Ausland". www.thinkoholic.com (in German). 15 March 2019. Archived from the original on 11 April 2021. Retrieved 2 August 2021.
  104. ^ "Anmeldung zur Eheschließung und Gültigkeit einer außerhalb von Österreich geschlossenen Ehe". oesterreich.gv.at (in German). Archived from the original on 19 January 2021. Retrieved 25 January 2021.
  105. ^ "Ehe für alle: Hunderte Hochzeiten abseits der Konvention". Der Standard (in German). 30 December 2019. Archived from the original on 31 December 2019. Retrieved 3 January 2020.
  106. ^ "Evangelische Kirche will homosexuelle Ehepaare künftig segnen". Kurier (in German). March 9, 2019. Archived from the original on September 16, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  107. ^ "Evangelisch-reformierte Kirche in Österreich öffnet Trauung für homosexuelle Ehepaare". Kurier (in German). March 16, 2019. Archived from the original on May 3, 2020. Retrieved January 1, 2022.
  108. ^ "Altkatholiken in Österreich: Schritt Richtung "Ehe für alle"". religion.orf.at (in German). 22 October 2019. Archived from the original on 1 January 2022. Retrieved 1 January 2022.
  109. ^ "Ehe für alle". Old Catholic Church of Austria (in German). 10 August 2022.
  110. ^ Flynn, JD (2023-12-22). "Is the 'false narrative' narrative a false narrative?". The Pillar. Archived from the original on 23 December 2023. Retrieved 2023-12-23.
  111. ^ Coppen, Luke (19 December 2023). "'Fiducia supplicans': Who's saying what?". The Pillar.
  112. ^ "Zum Valentinstag: Katholische Diözese segnet auch Homo-Paare". Queer.de (in German). 14 February 2018. Retrieved April 18, 2021.
  113. ^ "Eight EU Countries Back Same-Sex Marriage". 2006-12-24. Archived from the original on 2008-03-15. Retrieved 2008-07-20.
  114. ^ "Umfrage: Mehrheit will Ehe und Adoptionsrecht für Homosexuelle". Der Standard. 3 November 2013. Archived from the original on 12 June 2018. Retrieved 23 December 2013.
  115. ^ "Österreich, ein Hafen der Ehe". Wiener Zeitung. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 19 April 2016. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  116. ^ "Mehrheit vom Sinn der Ehe überzeugt". ORF. 21 May 2014. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 6 January 2015.
  117. ^ "Einstellung zur gleichgeschlechtlichen Ehe". Market/ORF/Tinypic. 7 January 2015. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 7 January 2015.
  118. ^ "Special Eurobarometer 437" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on January 22, 2016.
  119. ^ "Österreich: Deutliche Mehrheit für Ehe für alle". queer.de. Archived from the original on 2020-08-06. Retrieved 2020-05-29.
  120. ^ Religion and society Archived 2018-07-18 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  121. ^ Being Christian in Western Europe Archived 2018-09-25 at the Wayback Machine, Pew Research Center, 29 May 2018
  122. ^ "Umfrage: 74 % für Homo-Ehe". www.oe24.at. September 23, 2018. Archived from the original on July 22, 2022. Retrieved May 29, 2020.
  123. ^ "Eurobarometer on Discrimination 2019: The social acceptance of LGBTI people in the EU". TNS. European Commission. p. 2. Archived from the original on 16 February 2020. Retrieved 23 September 2019.
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Same-sex_marriage_in_Austria&oldid=1252485757"