Jump to content

Volatile organic compound

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
(Redirected from Volatile organic compounds)
VOCs are found in many things, including glue, new car interiors, house mold, and upholstered furniture, trees, sea weed.

Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are organic compounds that have a high vapor pressure at room temperature.[1] They are common and exist in a variety of settings and products, not limited to house mold, upholstered furniture, arts and crafts supplies, dry cleaned clothing, and cleaning supplies.[2] VOCs are responsible for the odor of scents and perfumes as well as pollutants. They play an important role in communication between animals and plants, such as attractants for pollinators, protection from predation, and even inter-plant interactions.[3][4][5] Some VOCs are dangerous to human health or cause harm to the environment, often despite the odor being perceived as pleasant, such as "new car smell".[6]

Anthropogenic VOCs are regulated by law, especially indoors, where concentrations are the highest. Most VOCs are not acutely toxic, but may have long-term chronic health effects. Some VOCs have been used in pharmaceutical settings, while others are the target of administrative controls because of their recreational use. The high vapor pressure of VOCs correlates with a low boiling point, which relates to the number of the sample's molecules in the surrounding air, a trait known as volatility.[7]

Definitions

[edit]

Diverse definitions of the term VOC are in use. Some examples are presented below.

Canada

[edit]

Health Canada classifies VOCs as organic compounds that have boiling points roughly in the range of 50 to 250 °C (122 to 482 °F). The emphasis is placed on commonly encountered VOCs that would have an effect on air quality.[8]

European Union

[edit]

The European Union defines a VOC as "any organic compound as well as the fraction of creosote, having at 293.15 K a vapour pressure of 0.01 kPa or more, or having a corresponding volatility under the particular conditions of use;".[9] The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive was the main policy instrument for the reduction of industrial emissions of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in the European Union. It covers a wide range of solvent-using activities, e.g. printing, surface cleaning, vehicle coating, dry cleaning and manufacture of footwear and pharmaceutical products. The VOC Solvents Emissions Directive requires installations in which such activities are applied to comply either with the emission limit values set out in the Directive or with the requirements of the so-called reduction scheme. Article 13 of The Paints Directive, approved in 2004, amended the original VOC Solvents Emissions Directive and limits the use of organic solvents in decorative paints and varnishes and in vehicle finishing products. The Paints Directive sets out maximum VOC content limit values for paints and varnishes in certain applications.[10][11] The Solvents Emissions Directive was replaced by the Industrial Emissions Directive from 2013.

China

[edit]

The People's Republic of China defines a VOC as those compounds that have "originated from automobiles, industrial production and civilian use, burning of all types of fuels, storage and transportation of oils, fitment finish, coating for furniture and machines, cooking oil fume and fine particles (PM 2.5)", and similar sources.[12] The Three-Year Action Plan for Winning the Blue Sky Defence War released by the State Council in July 2018 creates an action plan to reduce 2015 VOC emissions 10% by 2020.[13]

India

[edit]

The Central Pollution Control Board of India released the Air (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act in 1981, amended in 1987, to address concerns about air pollution in India.[14] While the document does not differentiate between VOCs and other air pollutants, the CPCB monitors "oxides of nitrogen (NOx), sulphur dioxide (SO2), fine particulate matter (PM10) and suspended particulate matter (SPM)".[15]

United States

[edit]
Thermal oxidizers provide an air pollution abatement option for VOCs from industrial air flows.[16] A thermal oxidizer is an EPA-approved device to treat VOCs.

The definitions of VOCs used for control of precursors of photochemical smog used by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and state agencies in the US with independent outdoor air pollution regulations include exemptions for VOCs that are determined to be non-reactive, or of low-reactivity in the smog formation process. Prominent is the VOC regulation issued by the South Coast Air Quality Management District in California and by the California Air Resources Board (CARB).[17] However, this specific use of the term VOCs can be misleading, especially when applied to indoor air quality because many chemicals that are not regulated as outdoor air pollution can still be important for indoor air pollution.

Following a public hearing in September 1995, California's ARB uses the term "reactive organic gases" (ROG) to measure organic gases. The CARB revised the definition of "Volatile Organic Compounds" used in their consumer products regulations, based on the committee's findings.[18]

In addition to drinking water, VOCs are regulated in pollutant discharges to surface waters (both directly and via sewage treatment plants)[19] as hazardous waste,[20] but not in non-industrial indoor air.[21] The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulates VOC exposure in the workplace. Volatile organic compounds that are classified as hazardous materials are regulated by the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration while being transported.

Biologically generated VOCs

[edit]

Most VOCs in Earth's atmosphere are biogenic, largely emitted by plants.[7]

Major biogenic VOCs[22]
compound relative contribution amount emitted (Tg/y)
isoprene 62.2% 594±34
terpenes 10.9% 95±3
pinene isomers 5.6% 48.7±0.8
sesquiterpenes 2.4% 20±1
methanol 6.4% 130±4

Biogenic volatile organic compounds (BVOCs) encompass VOCs emitted by plants, animals, or microorganisms, and while extremely diverse, are most commonly terpenoids, alcohols, and carbonyls (methane and carbon monoxide are generally not considered).[23] Not counting methane, biological sources emit an estimated 760 teragrams of carbon per year in the form of VOCs.[22] The majority of VOCs are produced by plants, the main compound being isoprene. Small amounts of VOCs are produced by animals and microbes.[24] Many VOCs are considered secondary metabolites, which often help organisms in defense, such as plant defense against herbivory. The strong odor emitted by many plants consists of green leaf volatiles, a subset of VOCs. Although intended for nearby organisms to detect and respond to, these volatiles can be detected and communicated through wireless electronic transmission, by embedding nanosensors and infrared transmitters into the plant materials themselves.[25]

Emissions are affected by a variety of factors, such as temperature, which determines rates of volatilization and growth, and sunlight, which determines rates of biosynthesis. Emission occurs almost exclusively from the leaves, the stomata in particular. VOCs emitted by terrestrial forests are often oxidized by hydroxyl radicals in the atmosphere; in the absence of NOx pollutants, VOC photochemistry recycles hydroxyl radicals to create a sustainable biosphere–atmosphere balance.[26] Due to recent climate change developments, such as warming and greater UV radiation, BVOC emissions from plants are generally predicted to increase, thus upsetting the biosphere–atmosphere interaction and damaging major ecosystems.[27] A major class of VOCs is the terpene class of compounds, such as myrcene.[28]

Providing a sense of scale, a forest 62,000 square kilometres (24,000 sq mi) in area, the size of the U.S. state of Pennsylvania, is estimated to emit 3.4 million kg (7.5 million lb) of terpenes on a typical August day during the growing season.[29] Maize produces the VOC (Z)-3-hexen-1-ol and other plant hormones.[30]

Anthropogenic sources

[edit]
Paints and coatings are major anthropogenic sources of VOCs.
The handling of petroleum-based fuels is a major source of VOCs.
Part of a series on
Pollution
Air pollution from a factory
Air
Biological
Digital
Electromagnetic
Natural
Noise
Radiation
Soil
Solid waste
Space
Thermal
Visual
War
Water
Topics
Misc
Lists
Categories

Anthropogenic sources emit about 142 teragrams (1.42 × 1011 kg, or 142 billion kg) of carbon per year in the form of VOCs.[31]

The major source of man-made VOCs are:[32]

  • Fossil fuel use and production, e.g. incompletely combusted fossil fuels or unintended evaporation of fuels. The most prevalent VOC is ethane, a relatively inert compound.
  • Solvents used in coatings, paints, and inks. Approximately 12 billion litres of paint are produced annually. Typical solvents include aliphatic hydrocarbons, ethyl acetate, glycol ethers and acetone. Motivated by cost, environmental concerns, and regulation, the paint and coating industries are increasingly shifting toward aqueous solvents.[33]
  • Compressed aerosol products, mainly butane and propane, estimated to contribute 1.3 billion tonnes of VOC emissions per year globally.[34]
  • Biofuel use, e.g., cooking oils in Asia and bioethanol in Brazil.
  • Biomass combustion, especially from rain forests. Although combustion principally releases carbon dioxide and water, incomplete combustion affords a variety of VOCs.

Indoor VOCs

[edit]
See also: Indoor air quality

Due to their numerous sources indoors, concentrations of VOCs indoors are consistently higher in indoor air (up to ten times higher) than outdoors due to the many sources.[35] VOCs are emitted by thousands of indoor products. Examples include: paints, varnishes, waxes and lacquers, paint strippers, cleaning and personal care products, pesticides, building materials and furnishings, office equipment such as copiers and printers, correction fluids and carbonless copy paper, graphics and craft materials including glues and adhesives, permanent markers, and photographic solutions.[36] Human activities such as cooking and cleaning can also emit VOCs.[37][38] Cooking can release long-chain aldehydes and alkanes when oil is heated and terpenes can be released when spices are prepared and/or cooked.[37] Cleaning products contain a range of VOCs, including monoterpenes, sesquiterpenes, alcohols and esters. Once released into the air, VOCs can undergo reactions with ozone and hydroxyl radicals to produce other VOCs, such as formaldehyde.[38]

Some VOCs are emitted directly indoors, and some are formed through the subsequent chemical reactions.[39][40] The total concentration of all VOCs (TVOC) indoors can be up to five times higher than that of outdoor levels.[41]

New buildings experience particularly high levels of VOC off-gassing indoors because of the abundant new materials (building materials, fittings, surface coverings and treatments such as glues, paints and sealants) exposed to the indoor air, emitting multiple VOC gases.[42] This off-gassing has a multi-exponential decay trend that is discernible over at least two years, with the most volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few days, and the least volatile compounds decaying with a time-constant of a few years.[43]

New buildings may require intensive ventilation for the first few months, or a bake-out treatment. Existing buildings may be replenished with new VOC sources, such as new furniture, consumer products, and redecoration of indoor surfaces, all of which lead to a continuous background emission of TVOCs, and requiring improved ventilation.[42]

There are strong seasonal variations in indoors VOC emissions, with emission rates increasing in summer. This is largely due to the rate of diffusion of VOC species through materials to the surface, increasing with temperature. This leads to generally higher concentrations of TVOCs indoors in summer.[43]

Indoor air-quality measurements

[edit]

Measurement of VOCs from the indoor air is done with sorption tubes e. g. Tenax (for VOCs and SVOCs) or DNPH-cartridges (for carbonyl-compounds) or air detector. The VOCs adsorb on these materials and are afterwards desorbed either thermally (Tenax) or by elution (DNPH) and then analyzed by GC–MS/FID or HPLC. Reference gas mixtures are required for quality control of these VOC measurements.[44] Furthermore, VOC emitting products used indoors, e.g. building products and furniture, are investigated in emission test chambers under controlled climatic conditions.[45] For quality control of these measurements round robin tests are carried out, therefore reproducibly emitting reference materials are ideally required.[44] Other methods have used proprietary Silcosteel-coated canisters with constant flow inlets to collect samples over several days.[46] These methods are not limited by the adsorbing properties of materials like Tenax.

Regulation of indoor VOC emissions

[edit]

In most countries, a separate definition of VOCs is used with regard to indoor air quality that comprises each organic chemical compound that can be measured as follows: adsorption from air on Tenax TA, thermal desorption, gas chromatographic separation over a 100% nonpolar column (dimethylpolysiloxane). VOC (volatile organic compounds) are all compounds that appear in the gas chromatogram between and including n-hexane and n-hexadecane. Compounds appearing earlier are called VVOC (very volatile organic compounds); compounds appearing later are called SVOC (semi-volatile organic compounds).

France, Germany (AgBB/DIBt), Belgium, Norway (TEK regulation) and Italy (CAM Edilizia) have enacted regulations to limit VOC emissions from commercial products. European industry has developed numerous voluntary ecolabels and rating systems, such as EMICODE,[47] M1,[48] Blue Angel,[49] GuT (textile floor coverings),[50] Nordic Swan Ecolabel,[51] EU Ecolabel,[52] and Indoor Air Comfort.[53] In the United States, several standards exist; California Standard CDPH Section 01350[54] is the most common one. These regulations and standards changed the marketplace, leading to an increasing number of low-emitting products.

Health risks

[edit]
See also: Chronic solvent-induced encephalopathy and Substance-induced psychosis

Respiratory, allergic, or immune effects in infants or children are associated with man-made VOCs and other indoor or outdoor air pollutants.[55]

Some VOCs, such as styrene and limonene, can react with nitrogen oxides or with ozone to produce new oxidation products and secondary aerosols, which can cause sensory irritation symptoms.[56] VOCs contribute to the formation of tropospheric ozone and smog.[57][58]

Health effects include eye, nose, and throat irritation; headaches, loss of coordination, nausea; and damage to the liver, kidney, and central nervous system.[59] Some VOCs are suspected or known to cause cancer in humans. Key signs or symptoms associated with exposure to VOCs include conjunctival irritation, nose and throat discomfort, headache, allergic skin reaction, dyspnea, declines in serum cholinesterase levels, nausea, vomiting, nose bleeding, fatigue, dizziness.[60]

The ability of organic chemicals to cause health effects varies greatly from those that are highly toxic to those with no known health effects. As with other pollutants, the extent and nature of the health effect will depend on many factors including level of exposure and length of time exposed. Eye and respiratory tract irritation, headaches, dizziness, visual disorders, and memory impairment are among the immediate symptoms that some people have experienced soon after exposure to some organics. At present, not much is known about what health effects occur from the levels of organics usually found in homes.[61]

Ingestion

[edit]

While null in comparison to the concentrations found in indoor air, benzene, toluene, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) were found in samples of human milk and increase the concentrations of VOCs that we are exposed to throughout the day.[62] A study notes the difference between VOCs in alveolar breath and inspired air suggesting that VOCs are ingested, metabolized, and excreted via the extra-pulmonary pathway.[63] VOCs are also ingested by drinking water in varying concentrations. Some VOC concentrations were over the EPA's National Primary Drinking Water Regulations and China's National Drinking Water Standards set by the Ministry of Ecology and Environment.[64]

Dermal absorption

[edit]

The presence of VOCs in the air and in groundwater has prompted more studies. Several studies have been performed to measure the effects of dermal absorption of specific VOCs. Dermal exposure to VOCs like formaldehyde and toluene downregulate antimicrobial peptides on the skin like cathelicidin LL-37, human β-defensin 2 and 3.[65] Xylene and formaldehyde worsen allergic inflammation in animal models.[66] Toluene also increases the dysregulation of filaggrin: a key protein in dermal regulation.[67] this was confirmed by immunofluorescence to confirm protein loss and western blotting to confirm mRNA loss. These experiments were done on human skin samples. Toluene exposure also decreased the water in the trans-epidermal layer allowing for vulnerability in the skin's layers.[65][68]

Limit values for VOC emissions

[edit]

Limit values for VOC emissions into indoor air are published by AgBB,[69] AFSSET, California Department of Public Health, and others. These regulations have prompted several companies in the paint and adhesive industries to adapt with VOC level reductions their products.[citation needed] VOC labels and certification programs may not properly assess all of the VOCs emitted from the product, including some chemical compounds that may be relevant for indoor air quality.[70] Each ounce of colorant added to tint paint may contain between 5 and 20 grams of VOCs. A dark color, however, could require 5–15 ounces of colorant, adding up to 300 or more grams of VOCs per gallon of paint.[71]

VOCs in healthcare settings

[edit]

VOCs are also found in hospital and health care environments. In these settings, these chemicals are widely used for cleaning, disinfection, and hygiene of the different areas.[72] Thus, health professionals such as nurses, doctors, sanitation staff, etc., may present with adverse health effects such as asthma; however, further evaluation is required to determine the exact levels and determinants that influence the exposure to these compounds.[72][73][74]

Concentration levels of individual VOCs such as halogenated and aromatic hydrocarbons vary substantially between areas of the same hospital. Generally, ethanol, isopropanol, ether, and acetone are the main compounds in the interior of the site.[75][76] Following the same line, in a study conducted in the United States, it was established that nursing assistants are the most exposed to compounds such as ethanol, while medical equipment preparers are most exposed to 2-propanol.[75][76]

In relation to exposure to VOCs by cleaning and hygiene personnel, a study conducted in 4 hospitals in the United States established that sterilization and disinfection workers are linked to exposures to d-limonene and 2-propanol, while those responsible for cleaning with chlorine-containing products are more likely to have higher levels of exposure to α-pinene and chloroform.[74] Those who perform floor and other surface cleaning tasks (e.g., floor waxing) and who use quaternary ammonium, alcohol, and chlorine-based products are associated with a higher VOC exposure than the two previous groups, that is, they are particularly linked to exposure to acetone, chloroform, α-pinene, 2-propanol or d-limonene.[74]

Other healthcare environments such as nursing and age care homes have been rarely a subject of study, even though the elderly and vulnerable populations may spend considerable time in these indoor settings where they might be exposed to VOCs, derived from the common use of cleaning agents, sprays and fresheners.[77][78] In one study, more than 200 chemicals were identified, of which 41 have adverse health effects, 37 of them being VOCs. The health effects include skin sensitization, reproductive and organ-specific toxicity, carcinogenicity, mutagenicity, and endocrine-disrupting properties.[77] Furthermore, in another study carried out in the same European country, it was found that there is a significant association between breathlessness in the elderly population and elevated exposure to VOCs such as toluene and o-xylene, unlike the remainder of the population.[79]

VOCs in hospitality and retail

[edit]

Workers in hospitality are also exposed to VOCs from a variety of sources including cleaning products (air fresheners, floor cleaners, disinfectants, etc.), building materials and furnishings, as well as fragrances.[80] One of the most common VOC found in hospitality settings are alkanes, which are a major ingredient in cleaning products (35%).[80] Other products present in hospitality that contain alkanes are laundry detergents, paints, and lubricants.[80] Housekeepers in particular may also be exposed to formaldehyde,[81] which is present in some fabrics used to make towels and bedding, however exposure decreases after several washes.[82] Some hotels still use bleach to clean, and this bleach can form chloroform and carbon tetrachloride.[83] Fragrances are often used in hotels and are composed of many different chemicals.[80]

Analytical methods

[edit]

Sampling

[edit]

Obtaining samples for analysis is challenging. VOCs, even when at dangerous levels, are dilute, so preconcentration is typically required. Many components of the atmosphere are mutually incompatible, e.g. ozone and organic compounds, peroxyacyl nitrates and many organic compounds. Furthermore, collection of VOCs by condensation in cold traps also accumulates a large amount of water, which generally must be removed selectively, depending on the analytical techniques to be employed.[32] Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) techniques are used to collect VOCs at low concentrations for analysis.[84] As applied to breath analysis, the following modalities are employed for sampling: gas sampling bags, syringes, evacuated steel and glass containers.[85]

Principle and measurement methods

[edit]

In the U.S., standard methods have been established by the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) and another by U.S. OSHA. Each method uses a single component solvent; butanol and hexane cannot be sampled, however, on the same sample matrix using the NIOSH or OSHA method.[86]

VOCs are quantified and identified by two broad techniques. The major technique is gas chromatography (GC). GC instruments allow the separation of gaseous components. When coupled to a flame ionization detector (FID) GCs can detect hydrocarbons at the parts per trillion levels. Using electron capture detectors, GCs are also effective for organohalide such as chlorocarbons.

The second major technique associated with VOC analysis is mass spectrometry, which is usually coupled with GC, giving the hyphenated technique of GC-MS.[87]

Direct injection mass spectrometry techniques are frequently utilized for the rapid detection and accurate quantification of VOCs.[88] PTR-MS is among the methods that have been used most extensively for the on-line analysis of biogenic and anthropogenic VOCs.[89] PTR-MS instruments based on time-of-flight mass spectrometry have been reported to reach detection limits of 20 pptv after 100 ms and 750 ppqv after 1 min. measurement (signal integration) time. The mass resolution of these devices is between 7000 and 10,500 m/Δm, thus it is possible to separate most common isobaric VOCs and quantify them independently.[90]

Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis

[edit]

The exhaled human breath contains a few thousand volatile organic compounds and is used in breath biopsy to serve as a VOC biomarker to test for diseases,[85] such as lung cancer.[91] One study has shown that "volatile organic compounds ... are mainly blood borne and therefore enable monitoring of different processes in the body."[92] And it appears that VOC compounds in the body "may be either produced by metabolic processes or inhaled/absorbed from exogenous sources" such as environmental tobacco smoke.[91][93] Chemical fingerprinting and breath analysis of volatile organic compounds has also been demonstrated with chemical sensor arrays, which utilize pattern recognition for detection of component volatile organics in complex mixtures such as breath gas.

Metrology for VOC measurements

[edit]

To achieve comparability of VOC measurements, reference standards traceable to SI units are required. For a number of VOCs gaseous reference standards are available from specialty gas suppliers or national metrology institutes, either in the form of cylinders or dynamic generation methods. However, for many VOCs, such as oxygenated VOCs, monoterpenes, or formaldehyde, no standards are available at the appropriate amount of fraction due to the chemical reactivity or adsorption of these molecules. Currently, several national metrology institutes are working on the lacking standard gas mixtures at trace level concentration, minimising adsorption processes, and improving the zero gas.[44] The final scopes are for the traceability and the long-term stability of the standard gases to be in accordance with the data quality objectives (DQO, maximum uncertainty of 20% in this case) required by the WMO/GAW program.[94]

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Carroll, Gregory T. and Kirschman, David L. (2022-12-20). "A Peripherally Located Air Recirculation Device Containing an Activated Carbon Filter Reduces VOC Levels in a Simulated Operating Room". ACS Omega. 7 (50): 46640–46645. doi:10.1021/acsomega.2c05570. ISSN 2470-1343. PMC 9774396. PMID 36570243.
  2. ^ Association, American Lung. "Volatile Organic Compounds in the Home: The Surprising Places You Might Find Them". www.lung.org. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  3. ^ Pichersky, Eran; Gershenzon, Jonathan (2002). "The formation and function of plant volatiles: Perfumes for pollinator attraction and defense". Current Opinion in Plant Biology. 5 (3): 237–243. doi:10.1016/S1369-5266(02)00251-0. PMID 11960742.
  4. ^ Kessler, André; Baldwin, Ian T. (2001). "Defensive Function of Herbivore-Induced Plant Volatile Emissions in Nature". Science. 291 (5511): 2141–2144. Bibcode:2001Sci...291.2141K. doi:10.1126/science.291.5511.2141. PMID 11251117.
  5. ^ Baldwin, I. T.; Halitschke, R.; Paschold, A.; von Dahl, C. C.; Preston, C. A. (2006). "Volatile Signaling in Plant-Plant Interactions: "Talking Trees" in the Genomics Era". Science. 311 (5762): 812–815. Bibcode:2006Sci...311..812B. doi:10.1126/science.1118446. PMID 16469918. S2CID 9260593.
  6. ^ Nexus, PNAS. "New car smell reaches toxic levels on hot days, researchers find". phys.org. Retrieved 2024-10-20.
  7. ^ a b Koppmann, Ralf, ed. (2007). Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere. doi:10.1002/9780470988657. ISBN 9780470988657.
  8. ^ Health Canada Archived February 7, 2009, at the Wayback Machine
  9. ^ Industrial Emissions Directive, article 3(45).
  10. ^ The VOC solvent emission directive EUR-Lex, European Union Publications Office. Retrieved on 2010-09-28.
  11. ^ The Paints Directive EUR-Lex, European Union Publications Office.
  12. ^ eBeijing.gov.cn
  13. ^ "国务院关于印发打赢蓝天保卫战三年行动计划的通知(国发〔2018〕22号)_政府信息公开专栏". gov.cn. Archived from the original on 2019-03-09.
  14. ^ "THE AIR (PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF POLLUTION) ACT, 1981".
  15. ^ "Air Pollution in IndiaClean Air India Movement". Clean Air India Movement.
  16. ^ EPA. "Air Pollution Control Technology Fact Sheet: Thermal Incinerator." EPA-452/F-03-022.
  17. ^ "CARB regulations on VOC in consumer products". Consumer Product Testing. Eurofins Scientific. 2016-08-19.
  18. ^ "Definitions of VOC and ROG" (PDF). Sacramento, CA: California Air Resources Board. November 2004.
  19. ^ For example, discharges from chemical and plastics manufacturing plants: "Organic Chemicals, Plastics and Synthetic Fibers Effluent Guidelines". EPA. 2016-02-01.
  20. ^ Under the CERCLA ("Superfund") law and the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act.
  21. ^ "Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality". EPA. 2016-09-07.
  22. ^ a b Sindelarova, K.; Granier, C.; Bouarar, I.; Guenther, A.; Tilmes, S.; Stavrakou, T.; Müller, J.-F.; Kuhn, U.; Stefani, P.; Knorr, W. (2014). "Global data set of biogenic VOC emissions calculated by the MEGAN model over the last 30 years". Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics. 14 (17): 9317–9341. Bibcode:2014ACP....14.9317S. doi:10.5194/acp-14-9317-2014. hdl:11858/00-001M-0000-0023-F4FB-B.
  23. ^ J. Kesselmeier; M. Staudt (1999). "Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC): An Overview on Emission, Physiology and Ecology". Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry. 33 (1): 23–88. Bibcode:1999JAtC...33...23K. doi:10.1023/A:1006127516791. S2CID 94021819.
  24. ^ Terra, W. C.; Campos, V. P.; Martins, S. J. (2018). "Volatile organic molecules from Fusarium oxysporum strain 21 with nematicidal activity against Meloidogyne incognita". Crop Protection. 106: 125–131. doi:10.1016/j.cropro.2017.12.022.
  25. ^ Kwak, Seon-Yeong; Wong, Min Hao; Lew, Tedrick Thomas Salim; Bisker, Gili; Lee, Michael A.; Kaplan, Amir; Dong, Juyao; Liu, Albert Tianxiang; Koman, Volodymyr B.; Sinclair, Rosalie; Hamann, Catherine; and Strano, Michael S. (2017-06-12). "Nanosensor Technology Applied to Living Plant Systems". Annual Review of Analytical Chemistry. 10 (1). Annual Reviews: 113–140. doi:10.1146/annurev-anchem-061516-045310. ISSN 1936-1327. PMID 28605605.
  26. ^ J. Lelieveld; T. M. Butler; J. N. Crowley; T. J. Dillon; H. Fischer; L. Ganzeveld; H. Harder; M. G. Lawrence; M. Martinez; D. Taraborrelli; J. Williams (2008). "Atmospheric oxidation capacity sustained by a tropical forest". Nature. 452 (7188): 737–740. Bibcode:2008Natur.452..737L. doi:10.1038/nature06870. PMID 18401407. S2CID 4341546.
  27. ^ Josep Peñuelas; Michael Staudt (2010). "BVOCs and global change". Trends in Plant Science. 15 (3): 133–144. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2009.12.005. PMID 20097116.
  28. ^ Niinemets, Ülo; Loreto, Francesco; Reichstein, Markus (2004). "Physiological and physicochemical controls on foliar volatile organic compound emissions". Trends in Plant Science. 9 (4): 180–6. doi:10.1016/j.tplants.2004.02.006. PMID 15063868.
  29. ^ Behr, Arno; Johnen, Leif (2009). "Myrcene as a Natural Base Chemical in Sustainable Chemistry: A Critical Review". ChemSusChem. 2 (12): 1072–95. doi:10.1002/cssc.200900186. PMID 20013989.
  30. ^ Farag, Mohamed A.; Fokar, Mohamed; Abd, Haggag; Zhang, Huiming; Allen, Randy D.; Paré, Paul W. (2004). "(Z)-3-Hexenol induces defense genes and downstream metabolites in maize". Planta. 220 (6): 900–9. doi:10.1007/s00425-004-1404-5. PMID 15599762. S2CID 21739942.
  31. ^ Goldstein, Allen H.; Galbally, Ian E. (2007). "Known and Unexplored Organic Constituents in the Earth's Atmosphere". Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (5): 1514–21. Bibcode:2007EnST...41.1514G. doi:10.1021/es072476p. PMID 17396635.
  32. ^ a b Reimann, Stefan; Lewis, Alastair C. (2007). "Anthropogenic VOCs". In Koppmann, Ralf (ed.). Volatile Organic Compounds in the Atmosphere. doi:10.1002/9780470988657. ISBN 9780470988657.
  33. ^ Stoye, D.; Funke, W.; Hoppe, L.; et al. (2006). "Paints and Coatings". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a18_359.pub2. ISBN 3527306730.
  34. ^ Yeoman, Amber M.; Lewis, Alastair C. (2021-04-22). "Global emissions of VOCs from compressed aerosol products". Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene. 9 (1): 00177. doi:10.1525/elementa.2020.20.00177. ISSN 2325-1026.
  35. ^ You, Bo; Zhou, Wei; Li, Junyao; Li, Zhijie; Sun, Yele (November 4, 2022). "A review of indoor Gaseous organic compounds and human chemical Exposure: Insights from Real-time measurements". Environment International. 170: 107611. Bibcode:2022EnInt.17007611Y. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2022.107611. PMID 36335895.
  36. ^ "U.S. EPA IAQ – Organic chemicals". Epa.gov. August 5, 2010. Archived from the original on September 9, 2015. Retrieved March 2, 2012.
  37. ^ a b Davies, Helen L.; O'Leary, Catherine; Dillon, Terry; Shaw, David R.; Shaw, Marvin; Mehra, Archit; Phillips, Gavin; Carslaw, Nicola (August 14, 2023). "A measurement and modelling investigation of the indoor air chemistry following cooking activities". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 25 (9): 1532–1548. doi:10.1039/D3EM00167A. ISSN 2050-7887. PMID 37609942.
  38. ^ a b Harding-Smith, Ellen; Shaw, David R.; Shaw, Marvin; Dillon, Terry J.; Carslaw, Nicola (January 23, 2024). "Does green mean clean? Volatile organic emissions from regular versus green cleaning products". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 26 (2): 436–450. doi:10.1039/D3EM00439B. ISSN 2050-7887. PMID 38258874.
  39. ^ Weschler, Charles J.; Carslaw, Nicola (March 6, 2018). "Indoor Chemistry". Environmental Science & Technology. 52 (5): 2419–2428. Bibcode:2018EnST...52.2419W. doi:10.1021/acs.est.7b06387. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 29402076. Archived from the original on November 15, 2023. Retrieved April 11, 2024.
  40. ^ Carter, Toby J.; Poppendieck, Dustin G.; Shaw, David; Carslaw, Nicola (January 16, 2023). "A Modelling Study of Indoor Air Chemistry: The Surface Interactions of Ozone and Hydrogen Peroxide". Atmospheric Environment. 297: 119598. Bibcode:2023AtmEn.29719598C. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2023.119598.
  41. ^ Jones, A.P. (1999). "Indoor air quality and health". Atmospheric Environment. 33 (28): 4535–64. Bibcode:1999AtmEn..33.4535J. doi:10.1016/S1352-2310(99)00272-1.
  42. ^ a b Wang, S.; Ang, H. M.; Tade, M. O. (2007). "Volatile organic compounds in indoor environment and photocatalytic oxidation: State of the art". Environment International. 33 (5): 694–705. doi:10.1016/j.envint.2007.02.011. PMID 17376530.
  43. ^ a b Holøs, S. B.; et al. (2019). "VOC emission rates in newly built and renovated buildings, and the influence of ventilation – a review and meta-analysis". Int. J. Of Ventilation. 18 (3): 153–166. doi:10.1080/14733315.2018.1435026. hdl:10642/6247. S2CID 56370102.
  44. ^ a b c "KEY-VOCs". KEY-VOCs. Retrieved 23 April 2018.
  45. ^ "ISO 16000-9:2006 Indoor air – Part 9: Determination of the emission of volatile organic compounds from building products and furnishing – Emission test chamber method". Iso.org. Retrieved 24 April 2018.
  46. ^ Heeley-Hill, Aiden C.; Grange, Stuart K.; Ward, Martyn W.; Lewis, Alastair C.; Owen, Neil; Jordan, Caroline; Hodgson, Gemma; Adamson, Greg (2021). "Frequency of use of household products containing VOCs and indoor atmospheric concentrations in homes". Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts. 23 (5): 699–713. doi:10.1039/D0EM00504E. ISSN 2050-7887. PMID 34037627.
  47. ^ "emicode – Eurofins Scientific". Eurofins.com.
  48. ^ "m1 – Eurofins Scientific". Eurofins.com.
  49. ^ "blue-angel – Eurofins Scientific". Eurofins.com.
  50. ^ "GuT-label". gut-prodis.eu.
  51. ^ "Nordic Swan Ecolabel". nordic-ecolabel.org.
  52. ^ "EU Ecolable homepage". ec.europa.eu.
  53. ^ "indoor-air-comfort.com – Eurofins Scientific". Indoor-air-comfort.com.
  54. ^ "cdph – Eurofins Scientific". Eurofins.com.
  55. ^ Mendell, M. J. (2007). "Indoor residential chemical emissions as risk factors for respiratory and allergic effects in children: A review". Indoor Air. 17 (4): 259–77. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2007.00478.x. PMID 17661923.
  56. ^ Wolkoff, P.; Wilkins, C. K.; Clausen, P. A.; Nielsen, G. D. (2006). "Organic compounds in office environments – sensory irritation, odor, measurements and the role of reactive chemistry". Indoor Air. 16 (1): 7–19. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0668.2005.00393.x. PMID 16420493.
  57. ^ "What is Smog?", Canadian Council of Ministers of the Environment, CCME.ca Archived September 28, 2011, at the Wayback Machine
  58. ^ EPA,OAR, US (29 May 2015). "Basic Information about Ozone | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-01-23.
  59. ^ "Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality". United States Environmental Protection Agency. 2014-08-18. Retrieved 2024-05-23.
  60. ^ US EPA, OAR (2014-08-18). "Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality". US EPA. Retrieved 2019-04-04.
  61. ^ "Volatile Organic Compounds' Impact on Indoor Air Quality". EPA. 2017-04-19.
  62. ^ Kim, Sung R.; Halden, Rolf U.; Buckley, Timothy J. (2007-03-01). "Volatile Organic Compounds in Human Milk: Methods and Measurements". Environmental Science & Technology. 41 (5): 1662–1667. Bibcode:2007EnST...41.1662K. doi:10.1021/es062362y. ISSN 0013-936X. PMID 17396657.
  63. ^ Phillips, M; Greenberg, J; Awad, J (1994-11-01). "Metabolic and environmental origins of volatile organic compounds in breath". Journal of Clinical Pathology. 47 (11): 1052–1053. doi:10.1136/jcp.47.11.1052. ISSN 0021-9746. PMC 503075. PMID 7829686.
  64. ^ Cao, Fengmei; Qin, Pan; Lu, Shaoyong; He, Qi; Wu, Fengchang; Sun, Hongwen; Wang, Lei; Li, Linlin (December 2018). "Measurement of volatile organic compounds and associated risk assessments through ingestion and dermal routes in Dongjiang Lake, China". Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety. 165: 645–653. doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2018.08.108. PMID 30243211. S2CID 52821729.
  65. ^ a b Ahn, Kangmo; Kim, Jihyun; Kim, Ji-Yun (February 2019). "Volatile Organic Compounds Dysregulate the Expression of Antimicrobial Peptides in Human Epidermal Keratinocytes". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 143 (2): AB132. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2018.12.402. S2CID 86509634.
  66. ^ Bönisch, Ulrike; Böhme, Alexander; Kohajda, Tibor; Mögel, Iljana; Schütze, Nicole; von Bergen, Martin; Simon, Jan C.; Lehmann, Irina; Polte, Tobias (2012-07-03). Idzko, Marco (ed.). "Volatile Organic Compounds Enhance Allergic Airway Inflammation in an Experimental Mouse Model". PLOS ONE. 7 (7): e39817. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...739817B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0039817. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3389035. PMID 22802943.
  67. ^ Lee, Hana; Shin, Jung Jin; Bae, Hyun Cheol; Ryu, Woo-In; Son, Sang Wook (January 2017). "Toluene downregulates filaggrin expression via the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and signal transducer and activator of transcription-dependent pathways". Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology. 139 (1): 355–358.e5. doi:10.1016/j.jaci.2016.06.036. PMID 27498358.
  68. ^ Huss-Marp, J.; Eberlein-Konig, B.; Breuer, K.; Mair, S.; Ansel, A.; Darsow, U.; Kramer, U.; Mayer, E.; Ring, J.; Behrendt, H. (March 2006). "Influence of short-term exposure to airborne Der p 1 and volatile organic compounds on skin barrier function and dermal blood flow in patients with atopic eczema and healthy individuals". Clinical & Experimental Allergy. 36 (3): 338–345. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2006.02448.x. ISSN 0954-7894. PMID 16499645. S2CID 23522130.
  69. ^ "Ausschuss zur gesundheitlichen Bewertung von Bauprodukten". Umweltbundesamt (in German). 2013-04-08. Retrieved 2019-05-24.
  70. ^ EPA,OAR,ORIA,IED, US (18 August 2014). "Technical Overview of Volatile Organic Compounds | US EPA". US EPA. Retrieved 2018-04-23.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  71. ^ "Before You Buy Paint". Consumer Information. 2012-10-09. Retrieved 2018-04-30.
  72. ^ a b Virji, M Abbas; Liang, Xiaoming; Su, Feng-Chiao; Lebouf, Ryan F; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B; Stanton, Marcia L; Henneberger, Paul K; Houseman, E Andres (2019-10-28). "Corrigendum to: Peaks, Means, and Determinants of Real-Time TVOC Exposures Associated with Cleaning and Disinfecting Tasks in Healthcare Settings". Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 64 (9): 1041. doi:10.1093/annweh/wxz059. ISSN 2398-7308. PMID 31665213.
  73. ^ Charlier, Bruno; Coglianese, Albino; De Rosa, Federica; De Caro, Francesco; Piazza, Ornella; Motta, Oriana; Borrelli, Anna; Capunzo, Mario; Filippelli, Amelia; Izzo, Viviana (2021-03-24). "Chemical risk in hospital settings: Overview on monitoring strategies and international regulatory aspects". Journal of Public Health Research. 10 (1): jphr.2021.1993. doi:10.4081/jphr.2021.1993. ISSN 2279-9036. PMC 8018262. PMID 33849259.
  74. ^ a b c Su, Feng-Chiao; Friesen, Melissa C; Stefaniak, Aleksandr B; Henneberger, Paul K; LeBouf, Ryan F; Stanton, Marcia L; Liang, Xiaoming; Humann, Michael; Virji, M Abbas (2018-08-13). "Exposures to Volatile Organic Compounds among Healthcare Workers: Modeling the Effects of Cleaning Tasks and Product Use". Annals of Work Exposures and Health. 62 (7): 852–870. doi:10.1093/annweh/wxy055. ISSN 2398-7308. PMC 6248410. PMID 29931140.
  75. ^ a b Bessonneau, Vincent; Mosqueron, Luc; Berrubé, Adèle; Mukensturm, Gaël; Buffet-Bataillon, Sylvie; Gangneux, Jean-Pierre; and Thomas, Olivier (2013-02-05). Levin, Jan-Olof (ed.). "VOC Contamination in Hospital, from Stationary Sampling of a Large Panel of Compounds, in View of Healthcare Workers and Patients Exposure Assessment". PLOS ONE. 8 (2): e55535. Bibcode:2013PLoSO...855535B. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0055535. ISSN 1932-6203. PMC 3564763. PMID 23393590.
  76. ^ a b LeBouf, Ryan F; Virji, M Abbas; Saito, Rena; Henneberger, Paul K; Simcox, Nancy; and Stefaniak, Aleksandr B (September 2014). "Exposure to volatile organic compounds in healthcare settings". Occupational and Environmental Medicine. 71 (9): 642–650. doi:10.1136/oemed-2014-102080. ISSN 1351-0711. PMC 4591534. PMID 25011549.
  77. ^ a b Reddy, Manasa; Heidarinejad, Mohammad; Stephens, Brent; Rubinstein, Israel (April 2021). "Adequate indoor air quality in nursing homes: An unmet medical need". Science of the Total Environment. 765: 144273. Bibcode:2021ScTEn.76544273R. doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2020.144273. PMID 33401060. S2CID 230782257.
  78. ^ Belo, Joana; Carreiro-Martins, Pedro; Papoila, Ana L.; Palmeiro, Teresa; Caires, Iolanda; Alves, Marta; Nogueira, Susana; Aguiar, Fátima; Mendes, Ana; Cano, Manuela; Botelho, Maria A. (2019-10-15). "The impact of indoor air quality on respiratory health of older people living in nursing homes: spirometric and exhaled breath condensate assessments". Journal of Environmental Science and Health, Part A. 54 (12): 1153–1158. doi:10.1080/10934529.2019.1637206. ISSN 1093-4529. PMID 31274053. S2CID 195807320.
  79. ^ Bentayeb, Malek; Billionnet, Cécile; Baiz, Nour; Derbez, Mickaël; Kirchner, Séverine; Annesi-Maesano, Isabella (October 2013). "Higher prevalence of breathlessness in elderly exposed to indoor aldehydes and VOCs in a representative sample of French dwellings". Respiratory Medicine. 107 (10): 1598–1607. doi:10.1016/j.rmed.2013.07.015. PMID 23920330.
  80. ^ a b c d Lin, Nan; Rosemberg, Marie-Anne; Li, Wei; Meza-Wilson, Emily; Godwin, Christopher; Batterman, Stuart (January 2021). "Occupational exposure and health risks of volatile organic compounds of hotel housekeepers: Field measurements of exposure and health risks". Indoor Air. 31 (1): 26–39. doi:10.1111/ina.12709. ISSN 0905-6947. PMC 8020495. PMID 32609907.
  81. ^ De Groot, Anton C.; Le Coz, Christophe J.; Lensen, Gerda J.; Flyvholm, Mari-Ann; Maibach, Howard I.; Coenraads, Pieter-Jan (May 2010). "Formaldehyde-releasers: relationship to formaldehyde contact allergy. Formaldehyde-releasers in clothes: durable press chemical finishes. Part 1". Contact Dermatitis. 62 (5): 259–271. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0536.2009.01675.x. ISSN 0105-1873. PMID 20384733.
  82. ^ Novick, Rachel M.; Nelson, Mindy L.; McKinley, Meg A.; Anderson, Grace L.; Keenan, James J. (2013-07-18). "The Effect of Clothing Care Activities on Textile Formaldehyde Content". Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A. 76 (14): 883–893. doi:10.1080/15287394.2013.821439. ISSN 1528-7394. PMID 24053365.
  83. ^ Odabasi, Mustafa; Elbir, Tolga; Dumanoglu, Yetkin; Sofuoglu, Sait C. (2014-08-01). "Halogenated volatile organic compounds in chlorine-bleach-containing household products and implications for their use". Atmospheric Environment. 92: 376–383. doi:10.1016/j.atmosenv.2014.04.049. ISSN 1352-2310.
  84. ^ Lattuati-Derieux, Agnès; Bonnassies-Termes, Sylvette; Lavédrine, Bertrand (2004). "Identification of volatile organic compounds emitted by a naturally aged book using solid-phase microextraction/gas chromatography/mass spectrometry". Journal of Chromatography A. 1026 (1–2): 9–18. doi:10.1016/j.chroma.2003.11.069. PMID 14870711.
  85. ^ a b Ahmed, Waqar M.; Lawal, Oluwasola; Nijsen, Tamara M.; Goodacre, Royston; Fowler, Stephen J. (2017). "Exhaled Volatile Organic Compounds of Infection: A Systematic Review". ACS Infectious Diseases. 3 (10): 695–710. doi:10.1021/acsinfecdis.7b00088. PMID 28870074.
  86. ^ Who Says Alcohol and Benzene Don't Mix? Archived April 15, 2008, at the Wayback Machine
  87. ^ Fang, Shuting; Liu, Shuqin; Song, Juyi; Huang, Qihong; Xiang, Zhangmin (2021-04-01). "Recognition of pathogens in food matrixes based on the untargeted in vivo microbial metabolite profiling via a novel SPME/GC × GC-QTOFMS approach". Food Research International. 142: 110213. doi:10.1016/j.foodres.2021.110213. ISSN 0963-9969. PMID 33773687. S2CID 232407164.
  88. ^ Biasioli, Franco; Yeretzian, Chahan; Märk, Tilmann D.; Dewulf, Jeroen; Van Langenhove, Herman (2011). "Direct-injection mass spectrometry adds the time dimension to (B)VOC analysis". Trends in Analytical Chemistry. 30 (7): 1003–1017. doi:10.1016/j.trac.2011.04.005.
  89. ^ Ellis, Andrew M.; Mayhew, Christopher A. (2014). Proton Transfer Reaction Mass Spectrometry – Principles and Applications. Chichester, West Sussex, UK: John Wiley & Sons Ltd. ISBN 978-1-405-17668-2.
  90. ^ Sulzer, Philipp; Hartungen, Eugen; Hanel, Gernot; Feil, Stefan; Winkler, Klaus; Mutschlechner, Paul; Haidacher, Stefan; Schottkowsky, Ralf; Gunsch, Daniel; Seehauser, Hans; Striednig, Marcus; Jürschik, Simone; Breiev, Kostiantyn; Lanza, Matteo; Herbig, Jens; Märk, Lukas; Märk, Tilmann D.; Jordan, Alfons (2014). "A Proton Transfer Reaction-Quadrupole interface Time-Of-Flight Mass Spectrometer (PTR-QiTOF): High speed due to extreme sensitivity". International Journal of Mass Spectrometry. 368: 1–5. Bibcode:2014IJMSp.368....1S. doi:10.1016/j.ijms.2014.05.004.
  91. ^ a b Buszewski, B. A.; et al. (2007). "Human exhaled air analytics: Biomarkers of diseases". Biomedical Chromatography. 21 (6): 553–566. doi:10.1002/bmc.835. PMID 17431933.
  92. ^ Miekisch, W.; Schubert, J. K.; Noeldge-Schomburg, G. F. E. (2004). "Diagnostic potential of breath analysis—focus on volatile organic compounds". Clinica Chimica Acta. 347 (1–2): 25–39. doi:10.1016/j.cccn.2004.04.023. PMID 15313139.
  93. ^ Mazzone, P. J. (2008). "Analysis of Volatile Organic Compounds in the Exhaled Breath for the Diagnosis of Lung Cancer". Journal of Thoracic Oncology. 3 (7): 774–780. doi:10.1097/JTO.0b013e31817c7439. PMID 18594325.
  94. ^ Hoerger, C. C.; Claude, A., Plass-Duelmer, C., Reimann, S., Eckart, E., Steinbrecher, R., Aalto, J., Arduini, J., Bonnaire, N., Cape, J. N., Colomb, A., Connolly, R., Diskova, J., Dumitrean, P., Ehlers, C., Gros, V., Hakola, H., Hill, M., Hopkins, J. R., Jäger, J., Junek, R., Kajos, M. K., Klemp, D., Leuchner, M., Lewis, A. C., Locoge, N., Maione, M., Martin, D., Michl, K., Nemitz, E., O'Doherty, S., Pérez Ballesta, P., Ruuskanen, T. M., Sauvage, S., Schmidbauer, N., Spain, T. G., Straube, E., Vana, M., Vollmer, M. K., Wegener, R., and Wenger, A. (2015). "ACTRIS non-methane hydrocarbon intercomparison experiment in Europe to support WMO GAW and EMEP observation networks". Atmospheric Measurement Techniques. 8 (7): 2715–2736. Bibcode:2015AMT.....8.2715H. doi:10.5194/amt-8-2715-2015. hdl:1983/f9d95320-dcc6-48d1-a58a-bf310a536b9c.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
[edit]
Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Volatile_organic_compound&oldid=1257374826"