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Esker

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For other uses, see Esker (disambiguation).

Esker at Fulufjället, western Sweden
Esker used as a hiking path
Aerial view of a partially drowned esker at Billudden in northern Uppland, Sweden. The shape is modified by coastal processes.

An esker, eskar, eschar, or os, sometimes called an asar, osar, or serpent kame,[1][2] is a long, winding ridge of stratified sand and gravel, examples of which occur in glaciated and formerly glaciated regions of Europe and North America. Eskers are frequently several kilometres long and, because of their uniform shape, look like railway embankments.[3]

Etymology

Portions of the Denali Highway in Alaska are built on eskers.

The term esker is derived from the Irish word eiscir (Old Irish: escir), which means "ridge or elevation, especially one separating two plains or depressed surfaces".[4] The Irish word was and is used particularly to describe long sinuous ridges, which are now known to be deposits of fluvio-glacial material. The best-known example of such an eiscir is the Eiscir Riada, which runs nearly the whole width of Ireland from Dublin to Galway, a distance of 200 km (120 mi), and is still closely followed by the main Dublin–Galway road

The synonym os comes from the Swedish word ås, "ridge".

Geology

Most eskers are argued to have formed within ice-walled tunnels by streams that flowed within and under glaciers. They tended to form around the time of the glacial maximum, when the glacier was slow and sluggish. After the retaining ice walls melted away, stream deposits remained as long winding ridges.

Eskers may also form above glaciers by accumulation of sediment in supraglacial channels, in crevasses, in linear zones between stagnant blocks, or in narrow embayments at glacier margins. Eskers form near the terminal zone of glaciers, where the ice is not moving as fast and is relatively thin.[5]

Esker in Sims Corner Eskers and Kames National Natural Landmark, Washington, US. (Trees at the edge of the esker and the single lane road crossing the esker to the right of the photo provide scale.)

Plastic flow and melting of the basal ice determines the size and shape of the subglacial tunnel. This in turn determines the shape, composition and structure of an esker. Eskers may exist as a single channel, or may be part of a branching system with tributary eskers. They are not often found as continuous ridges, but have gaps that separate the winding segments. The ridge crests of eskers are not usually level for very long, and are generally knobby. Eskers may be broad-crested or sharp-crested with steep sides.[5] They can reach hundreds of kilometers in length and are generally 20–30 m (66–98 ft) in height.

The path of an esker is governed by its water pressure in relation to the overlying ice. Generally, the pressure of the ice was at such a point that it would allow eskers to run in the direction of glacial flow, but force them into the lowest possible points such as valleys or river beds, which may deviate from the direct path of the glacier. This process is what produces the wide eskers upon which roads and highways can be built. Less pressure, occurring in areas closer to the glacial maximum, can cause ice to melt over the stream flow and create steep-walled, sharply-arched tunnels.[6]

The concentration of rock debris in the ice and the rate at which sediment is delivered to the tunnel by melting and from upstream transport determines the amount of sediment in an esker. The sediment generally consists of coarse-grained, water-laid sand and gravel, although gravelly loam may be found where the rock debris is rich in clay. This sediment is stratified and sorted, and usually consists of pebble/cobble-sized material with occasional boulders. Bedding may be irregular but is almost always present, and cross-bedding is common.[5]

There are various cases where inland dunes have developed next to eskers after deglaciation.[7] These dunes are often found in the leeward side of eskers, if the esker is not oriented parallel to prevailing winds.[7] Examples of dunes developed on eskers can be found in both Swedish and Finnish Lapland.[7][8]

Lakes may form within depressions in eskers. These lakes can lack surface outflows and inflows and have drastic fluctuations over time.[9]

Life on eskers

Eskers are critical to the ecology of Northern Canada. Several plants that grow on eskers, including bear root and cranberries, are important food for bears and migrating waterfowl; animals from grizzly bears to tundra wolves to ground squirrels can burrow into the eskers to survive the long winters.[10]

Examples of eskers

A part of the Mason Esker
Mount Pelly or Ovayok

Europe

In Sweden, Uppsalaåsen stretches for 250 km (160 mi) and passes through Uppsala city. The Badelundaåsen esker runs for over 300 km (190 mi) from Nyköping to lake Siljan. Pispala's Pyynikki Esker in Tampere, Finland, is on an esker between two lakes carved by glaciers. A similar site is Punkaharju in Finnish Lakeland.

The village of Kemnay in Aberdeenshire, Scotland has a 5 km (3.1 mi) esker locally called the Kemb Hills. In Berwickshire in southeast Scotland is Bedshiel Kaims, a 3 km-long (1.9 mi) example which is up to 15 m (49 ft) high and is a legacy of an ice-stream within the Tweed Valley.[11]

North America

Great Esker Park runs along the Back River in Weymouth, Massachusetts, and is home to the highest esker in North America (27 m (90 ft)).[12]

There are over 1,000 eskers in the state of Michigan, primarily in the south-central Lower Peninsula. The longest esker in Michigan is the 35 km-long (22 mi) Mason Esker, which stretches south-southeast from DeWitt through Lansing and Holt, before ending near Mason.[13]

Esker systems in the U.S. state of Maine can be traced for up to 160 km (100 mi).[14]

Thelon Esker is almost 800 km (500 mi) long, straddling the boundary between the territories of Nunavut and Northwest Territories in Canada.[15]

Uvayuq or Mount Pelly, in Ovayok Territorial Park, the Kitikmeot Region, Nunavut is an esker.

Roads are sometimes built along eskers to save expense. Examples include the Denali Highway in Alaska, the Trans-Taiga Road in Quebec, and the "Airline" segment of Maine State Route 9 between Bangor and Calais.[16]

There are numerous long eskers in the Adirondack State Park in upstate New York. The Rainbow Lake esker bisects the eponymous lake and extends discontinuously for 85 miles (c. 137 km). Another long discontinuous esker extends from Mountain Pond through Keese Mill, passing between Upper St. Regis Lake and the Spectacle Ponds, and continuing to Ochre, Fish, and Lydia Ponds in the St. Regis Canoe Area. A 150-foot-high esker bisects the Five Ponds Wilderness Area.[17]

See also

References

  1. ^ Collins English Dictionary
  2. ^ "McGraw-Hill Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms". Archived from the original on 2015-04-20. Retrieved 2015-06-30.
  3. ^ Gedney, Larry (August 1, 1984). "Eskers: The Upside-Down Riverbeds". Alaska Science Forum Article #674. Archived from the original on 4 April 2012. Retrieved 29 September 2011.
  4. ^ Quin, E. G. (gen. ed.) (1983). Dictionary of the Irish Language. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 281. ISBN 0-901714-29-1.
  5. ^ a b c Easterbrook, D.J. (1999). Surface Processes and Landforms. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. p. 352. ISBN 0-13-860958-6.
  6. ^ Shreve, R.L., 1985, Esker characteristics in terms of glacier physics, Katahdin esker system, Maine: GSA Bulletin, v. 96, pp. 639–646.
  7. ^ a b c Seppälä, Matti (2004). "Accumulation". Wind as a Geomorphic Agent in Cold Climates. Cambridge University Press. pp. 207–208. ISBN 9780521564069.
  8. ^ Seppälä, Matti (1972). "Location, morphology and orientation of inland dunes in northern Sweden". Geografiska Annaler: Series A, Physical Geography. 54 (2): 85–104. doi:10.1080/04353676.1972.11879860.
  9. ^ Källakademin (2006). Källor i Sverige (in Swedish). Sundbyberg: Svensk Byggtjänst. p. 196. ISBN 91-7333-104-X.
  10. ^ National Geographic Almanac of Geography, 2005, p. 155, ISBN 0-7922-3877-X
  11. ^ Stone, P. (2012). South of Scotland (British Regional Geology) (Fourth ed.). British Geological Survey. pp. 191–92. ISBN 978-085272-694-5.
  12. ^ "Mountain And Glacial Landforms: What Is An Esker?". WorldAtlas. 2017-04-25. Retrieved 2022-07-13.
  13. ^ "Eskers". Archived from the original on 2013-12-03. Retrieved 2013-12-02.
  14. ^ "Surficial Geologic History of Maine". Explore Maine Geology. Maine Geological Survey. 6 October 2005. Retrieved 30 August 2022.
  15. ^ Gray, Charlotte (2004). The Museum Called Canada: 25 Rooms of Wonder. Random House. p. 56. ISBN 0-679-31220-X.
  16. ^ Down East Region
  17. ^ "Sea Serpents in the Adirondacks? You Bet!". Adirondack Almanack. 7 November 2009. Retrieved 2015-07-30.

Further reading

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