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Anton Schwarzkopf

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Anton Schwarzkopf
Born(1924-07-08)8 July 1924[1]
Bahlingen, Weimar Republic[1]
Died30 July 2001(2001-07-30) (aged 77)[1]
Germany
NationalityGerman
Occupation(s)Founder and president, Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH
Years active1957–1995
Known forroller coaster designer
Notable workRevolution, Shockwave, The Mindbender, Olympia Looping, Whizzer, Shuttle Loop

Anton Schwarzkopf (8 July 1924 – 30 July 2001) was a German engineer who founded Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH, a German manufacturer of roller coasters and other amusement rides that were sold to amusement parks and travelling funfairs around the world.

Early years

[edit]

Anton Schwarzkopf, born (1924-07-08)8 July 1924 in Bahlingen, Germany, began as an apprentice in his father's business, which focused on the design of specialised trailers used to transport circus equipment.[1] By 1954, his father's company had transitioned into creating amusement rides.[2]

Career

[edit]

In 1957, Schwarzkopf built his first attraction, the Düsenspirale, which was a roller coaster that traveled around Germany with funfair showman Löffelhardt.[1] He took over his father's company in 1960 and created his first full-scale steel roller coaster, The Wildcat, in 1964.[1][2] In 1970, the first Jet Star II model was built for German showman Rick.[2] The model became popular for its electric spiral lift hill, and many of this type were built. In 1976, Schwarzkopf partnered with ride engineer Werner Stengel to create a ground-breaking attraction, the Revolution roller coaster at Six Flags Magic Mountain in California. It was the first roller coaster in the modern era to feature a vertical loop.[2] The vertical loop became a signature element used in many of Schwarzkopf's designs, including King Kobra at Kings Dominion in 1977, one of the first Shuttle Loop designs, and Shock Wave at Six Flags Over Texas in 1978, which featured consecutive vertical loops.[citation needed]

'Shockwave', Schwarzkopf's first double loop roller coaster.

Schwarzkopf Industries GmbH experienced rapid growth throughout the 1970s, as its rides were well received and in high demand.[citation needed] In the 1980s, the company produced several transportable rides for travelling funfairs, particularly those in Western Europe, with a notable example being the Alpina Bahn in 1983. Dreier Looping (meaning triple loop in English) was built in 1984, and Thriller was built in 1986. Outside of Germany, the company partnered with Intamin, and many older rides credited to Intamin were actually designed and created by Schwarzkopf.[1] Schwarzkopf suffered several business setbacks and suffered through several bankruptcies, with the first occurring in late 1983, leading to the abandonment of several upcoming designs and installations.[1] While dormant during the mid-1980s, Peißenberg and Zierer stepped in to construct several of Schwarzkopf's designs, including Bavarian Mountain Railroad in 1987.[1]

The company continued to produce flat rides and assist with roller coaster design for a number of years, and some popular releases during this time included the Bayern Kurve, the Enterprise, and the Monster.[citation needed] Schwarzkopf retired from the industry in 1995 and died on 30 July 2001(2001-07-30) (aged 77) after battling Parkinson's disease for several years.[1]

Legacy

[edit]

There are a number of notable people from the amusement industry who have either worked with, or have relations to Anton Schwarzkopf. His brother, Franz Schwarzkopf, was also a ride designer around the same time as Anton, and designed many staples of both amusement parks and carnivals alike, such as the Wave Swinger. Anton's son Wieland Schwarzkopf also became involved with the industry, starting out at Schwarzkopf, and later starting his own business in 1984. Wieland's company mostly provided parts and services for his father's rides, but had a few of its own attractions, such as the 'Sound Factory', a short-lived version of the popular 'Monster' ride with looping cars. Werner Stengel got his start with the Schwarzkopf company, and later went on to become one of the most prestigious designers of roller coasters and amusement rides. He was still heavily involved with most of Schwarzkopf's attractions. Hubert Gerstlauer, founder and namesake of Gerstlauer Amuesment Rides GmbH, was an employee of Schwarzkopf, before starting his own company in 1982. Gerstlauer's manufacturing is still carried out at the former Schwarzkopf facility in Münsterhausen, Bavaria.[citation needed]

Despite their age and shrinking numbers, Schwarzkopf rides remain popular. New Revolution at Six Flags Magic Mountain, Whizzer at Six Flags Great America, and Montezooma's Revenge at Knott's Berry Farm have all received the American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE) Coaster Landmark award signifying their importance to the industry.[3]

List of notable roller coasters

[edit]
See also: category: Amusement rides manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf and category: Roller coasters manufactured by Anton Schwarzkopf

As of 2019, Schwarzkopf has built 149 roller coasters around the world.[4]

List of roller coasters from Anton Schwarzkopf
Name Model Amusement park
former park(s)		 Country Year built Status refs
Greased Lightnin'
formerly Tidal Wave		 Shuttle Loop Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
California's Great America		 United States United States unknown
1977–2002		 Removed [5]
[6]
Düsenspirale Unknown Wiener Prater Austria Austria 1957 Removed [7]
Jet Star Jet Star Casino Pier United States United States 1970 Removed [8]
Jumbo Jet Jet Star 3 / Jumbo Jet Six Flags Great Adventure United States United States 1975 Removed [9]
Whizzer
formerly Willard's Whizzer		 Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet		 Six Flags Great America United States United States 1976 Operating [10]
Whizzer
formerly Willard's Whizzer		 Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet		 California's Great America United States United States 1976 Removed [11]
Jet Star 2 Jet Star 2 Lagoon
Riverfront Park		 United States United States 1976
1974		 Operating [12]
[13]
Alpen Blitz Alpenblitz II Six Flags Great Adventure United States United States 1976 Removed [14]
Jumbo Jet Jet Star 3 / Jumbo Jet Morey's Piers United States United States 1976 Removed [15]
New Revolution Unknown Six Flags Magic Mountain United States United States 1976 Operating [16]
SooperDooperLooper Looping Speedracer Hersheypark United States United States 1977 Operating [17]
Wild Rider Wildcat 54m Six Flags Great Adventure United States United States 1978 Removed [18]
The Riddler Mindbender Unknown Six Flags Over Georgia United States United States 1978 Operating [19]
Shock Wave Unknown Six Flags Over Texas United States United States 1978 Operating [20]
Montezooma's Revenge Shuttle Loop Knott's Berry Farm United States United States 1978 Closed [21]
Wildcat Wildcat 65m Cedar Point United States United States 1979 Removed [22]
Shuttle Loop Shuttle Loop Nagashima Spa Land Japan Japan 1980 Operating [23]
Nessie Looping Racer Hansa Park Germany Germany 1980 Operating [24]
Scorpion Silverarrow Busch Gardens Tampa United States United States 1980 removed [25]
Looping Star Looping Star Nagashima Spa Land Japan Japan 1982 Operating [26]
Psyké Underground
formerly Sirocco
formerly Turbine 		Shuttle Loop Walibi Belgium Belgium Belgium 1982 Operating [27]
Colossus the Fire Dragon Double Looping Lagoon United States United States 1983 Operating [28]
Tig'rr Coaster
formerly Jet Star		 Jet Star Indiana Beach
Holiday Beach		 United States United States 1984
1976–1983		 Operating [29]
[30]
Mindbender Dreier Looping Galaxyland Amusement Park Canada Canada 1985 Removed [31]
Silver Bullet Looping Star Frontier City United States United States 1986 Operating [32]
[33]
[34]
Lisebergbanan Unknown Liseberg Sweden Sweden 1987 Operating [35]
Jetline
formerly Berg- och Dalbanan		 Unknown Gröna Lund Sweden Sweden 1988 Closed [36]
Viper
formerly Jet Scream		 Looping Star Six Flags AstroWorld
Six Flags St. Louis		 United States United States 1989
1981–1988		 Removed [37]
[38]
Golden Loop
formerly White Lightnin'		 Shuttle Loop Gold Reef City
Carowinds		 South Africa South Africa 1989
1977–1988		 Operating [39]
[40]
Turbo Mountain
formerly Geronimo		 Jet Star 2 Adventure World
Luna Park		 Australia Australia 1991
1982–1988		 Removed [41]
[42]
Cannonball Express
formerly Enigma
formerly Super Figure Eight
formerly Jumbo 5		 Jumbo V Pleasurewood Hills
Funland Park
Meli Park		 United Kingdom United Kingdom 1995
1985–1995
1983–1984		 Operating [43]
[44]
[45]
Nightmare at Crack Axle Canyon
formerly Nightmare at Phantom Cave
formerly Starchaser		 Jet Star Great Escape
Six Flags Darien Lake
Kentucky Kingdom
Beech Bend		 United States United States 1999
1996–1998
1987–1995
unknown		 Removed [46]
[47]
[48]
[49]
Katapul
formerly Thunderlooper
formerly King Kobra		 Shuttle Loop Hopi Hari
Alton Towers
Jolly Roger Amusement Park
Kings Dominion		 Brazil Brazil 1999
1990–1996
1987–1989
1977–1986		 Operating [50]
[51]
[52]
[53]
Montaña Rusa
formerly Zambezi Zinger		 Speed Racer /
Extended Jumbo Jet		 Parque Del Café
Worlds of Fun		 Colombia Colombia 1999
1973–1997		 Operating [54]
[55]
Jet Star Jet Star Luna Park La Palmyre
Morey's Piers
Knoebels Amusement Park & Resort		 France France 2000
1993–1999
1977–1992		 Operating [56]
[57]
[58]
Tornado
formerly Glissade		 Jet Star 3 / Jumbo Jet Selva Mágica
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Busch Gardens Williamsburg		 Mexico Mexico 2002
1993–2001
1975–1985		 Closed [59]
[60]
[61]
Knightmare
formerly BMRX
formerly Bavarian Mountain Railroad		 Unknown Camelot Theme Park
Kobe Portopialand		 United Kingdom United Kingdom 2007
1987–2006		 Removed [62]
[63]
Tsunami
formerly Zonga
formerly Texas Tornado
formerly Taz's Texas Tornado
formerly Thriller		 Unknown Isla San Marcos Parque Temático
Six Flags Discovery Kingdom
Six Flags AstroWorld
Gröna Lund		 Mexico Mexico 2008
2003–2004
1998–2000
1996		 In storage [64]
[65]
[66]
[67]
Tornado
formerly Space Mountain
formerly New Beast
formerly Alton Beast		 Jet Star 3 / Jumbo Jet Salitre Magico
Divertido
Alton Towers		 Colombia Colombia 2010
1998–2004
1992–1997		 Removed [68]
[69]
[70]
Rocket
formerly Black Hole
formerly Black Hole II
formerly New Black Hole		 Jet Star 2 Furuvik
Alton Towers		 Sweden Sweden 2011
1983–2005		 Removed [71]
[72]
Jumbo Jet Jet Star 3 / Jumbo Jet Chelyuskintsev Park
Dreamland
Beoland
Malmö Folkets Park
Palace Playland
Cedar Point		 Belarus Belarus 2015
2010–2014
2003–2006
1985–1989
unknown
1972–1978		 Operating [73]
[74]
[75]
[76]
[77]
[78]
Wildcat
formerly Rails
formerly Wild Rails		 Wildcat 65m Jolly Roger Amusement Park
Valleyfair
Cedar Point		 United States United States 2015
1999–2001
1979–1998
1970–1978		 Operating [79] &
[80]
[81]
[82]
Big Blue
formerly Twist and Shout
formerly Looping Star
formerly Tower of Terror
Silberpfeil		 Silverarrow Fun Park Mirnovec
Loudoun Castle
Dreamland
Camelot Theme Park
Ocean Beach Amusement Park
OK Corral		 Croatia Croatia 2017
2003–2010
2001–2002
1989–2000
1986–1988
1980–1985		 Operating [83]
[84]
[85]
[86]
[87]
[88]
Bobsleigh
formerly Course De Bobsleigh
formerly Jumbo Jet		 City Jet / Jet 400 Parc de la Vallée
Nigloland
Drayton Manor		 France France 2018
1995–2017
1981–1983		 Operating [89]
[90]
[91]
Looping Star
formerly Thunder Loop
formerly Looping Star
formerly Superachtbaan Looping Star		 Looping Star Parko Paliatso Luna Park
Attractiepark Slagharen		 Cyprus Cyprus 2018-2023
1979–2016		 Removed [92]
[93]
Teststrecke
formerly Laser
formerly Colossus		 Double Looping Wiener Prater
Dorney Park
Playcenter São Paulo		 Austria Austria 2019
1986–2008
1981–1986		 Removed [94]
[95]
[96]
Super Jet
formerly Montanha Russa		 Wildcat 54m Diego's Park
Mirabilandia		 Brazil Brazil 2019/20
1994–1998		 Operating [97]
[98]
Texas Wildcat
formerly Raptor Attack
formerly Rat Ride		 Wildcat 45m Cotaland
Lightwater Valley		 United States United States 2021
1987–2019		 Operating [99]
[100]
Olympia Looping Unknown Wiener Prater Austria Austria 2022
2018
2016		 Operating [101]
[102]
[103]
All American Triple Loop
formerly Quimera
formerly Montaña Triple Loop
formerly Montaña Infinitum
formerly Magnum Force
formerly Triple Loop Coaster		 Unknown Indiana Beach
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Flamingo Land
Sunway Lagoon		 United States United States 2024
2007–2019
2000–2005
1997–1999		 Operating [104]
[105]
[106]&
[107]
[108]
[109]
[110]
Unknown
formerly Cascabel
formerly Laser Loop		 Shuttle Loop Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World
La Feria Chapultepec Magico
Kennywood		 United States United States TBA
1994–2019
1980–1990		 In
Storage		 [111]
[112]
[113]
local ride name Anton Schwarzkopf
model type[2]		 amusement / theme park location
(current, or last operating)
former park(s)		 location country
(current / last)		 latest date
opened
(former dates)		 current
status		 refs

List of other attractions

[edit]

The Sound Factory, a portable fair ride created sometime between 1998 and 1999, was retired in the early 2000s with hardly any video or photos of it. It returned sometime between 2017-2018 as The Parkour. The ride was modified with modern seats and no longer flips upsidown, making it not as thrilling or intense. As of September 2024 it is still in operation and can be found at fairs outside of the U.S.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b c d e f g h i j Pantenburg, Michael. "Schwarzkopf Coaster Net – Anton Schwarzkopf". Schwarzkopf-Coaster.net. Michael Pantenburg / Metamorph. Retrieved 6 January 2022.
  2. ^ a b c d e Pantenburg, Michael. "Schwarzkopf Coaster Net – The Roller Coasters (catalogue overview)". Schwarzkopf-Coaster.net. Michael Pantenburg / Metamorph. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  3. ^ "ACE Roller Coaster Landmarks - American Coaster Enthusiasts (ACE)". www.aceonline.org. Retrieved 8 February 2024.
  4. ^ Marden, Duane. "Schwarzkopf". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 26 January 2022.
  5. ^ Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin'  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  6. ^ Marden, Duane. "Greased Lightnin'  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  7. ^ Marden, Duane. "Düsenspirale  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  8. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Casino Pier)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  9. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  10. ^ Marden, Duane. "Whizzer  (Six Flags Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  11. ^ Marden, Duane. "Whizzer  (California's Great America)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  12. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star 2  (Lagoon)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  13. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star 2  (Riverfront Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  14. ^ Marden, Duane. "Alpen Blitz  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  15. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  16. ^ Marden, Duane. "New Revolution  (Six Flags Magic Mountain)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  17. ^ Marden, Duane. "Sooperdooperlooper  (Hersheypark)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  18. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wild Rider  (Six Flags Great Adventure)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  19. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mind Bender  (Six Flags Over Georgia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  20. ^ Marden, Duane. "Shock Wave  (Six Flags Over Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  21. ^ Marden, Duane. "Montezooma's Revenege  (Knott's Berry Farm)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  22. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  23. ^ Marden, Duane. "Shuttle Loop  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  24. ^ Marden, Duane. "Nessie Superrollercoaster  (Hansa Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  25. ^ Marden, Duane. "Scorpion  (Busch Gardens Tampa)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  26. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Nagashima Spa Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  27. ^ "Psyké Underground - Walibi Belgium (Wavre, Walloon Brabant, Wallonia, Belgium)". rcdb.com. Retrieved 22 September 2023.
  28. ^ Marden, Duane. "Colossus the Fire Dragon  (Lagoon)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  29. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tig'rr Coaster  (Indiana Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  30. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Holiday Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  31. ^ Marden, Duane. "Mindbender  (Galaxyland Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  32. ^ Marden, Duane. "Silver Bullet  (Frontier City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  33. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  34. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (State Fair of Texas)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  35. ^ Marden, Duane. "Lisebergbanan  (Liseberg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  36. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jetline  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  37. ^ Marden, Duane. "Viper  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  38. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Scream  (Six Flags St. Louis)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  39. ^ Marden, Duane. "Golden Loop  (Gold Reef City)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  40. ^ Marden, Duane. "White Lightnin'  (Carowinds)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  41. ^ Marden, Duane. "Turbo Mountain  (Adventure World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  42. ^ Marden, Duane. "Geronimo  (Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  43. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cannonball Express  (Pleasurewood Hills)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  44. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Figure Eight  (Funland Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  45. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo 5  (Meli Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  46. ^ Marden, Duane. "Nightmare at Crack Axle Canyon  (Great Escape)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  47. ^ Marden, Duane. "Nightmare at Phantom Cave  (Six Flags Darien Lake)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  48. ^ Marden, Duane. "Starchaser  (Kentucky Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  49. ^ Marden, Duane. "Starchaser  (Beech Bend)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  50. ^ Marden, Duane. "Katapul  (Hopi Hari)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  51. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunderlooper  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  52. ^ Marden, Duane. "King Kobra  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  53. ^ Marden, Duane. "King Kobra  (Kings Dominion)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  54. ^ Marden, Duane. "Montaña Rusa  (Parque Del Café)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  55. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zambezi Zinger  (Worlds of Fun)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  56. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Luna Park La Palmyre)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  57. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Morey's Piers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  58. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jet Star  (Knoebels Amusement Park & Resort)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  59. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Selvia Mágica)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  60. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  61. ^ Marden, Duane. "Glissade  (Busch Gardens Williamsburg)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  62. ^ Marden, Duane. "Knightmare  (Camelot Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  63. ^ Marden, Duane. "BMRX  (Kobe Portopialand)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  64. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tsunami  (Isla San Marcos Parque Temático)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  65. ^ Marden, Duane. "Zonga  (Six Flags Discovery Kingdom)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  66. ^ Marden, Duane. "Texas Tornado  (Six Flags AstroWorld)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  67. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thriller  (Gröna Lund)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  68. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tornado  (Salitre Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  69. ^ Marden, Duane. "Space Mountain  (Divertido)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  70. ^ Marden, Duane. "New Beast  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  71. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rocket  (Furuvik)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  72. ^ Marden, Duane. "Black Hole  (Alton Towers)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  73. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Chelyuskintsev)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  74. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  75. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Beoland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  76. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Malmö Folkets Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  77. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Palace Playland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  78. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  79. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  80. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Jolly Roger Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  81. ^ Marden, Duane. "Rails  (Valleyfair)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  82. ^ Marden, Duane. "Wildcat  (Cedar Point)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  83. ^ Marden, Duane. "Big Blue  (Fun Park Mirnovec)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  84. ^ Marden, Duane. "Twist and Shout  (Loudoun Castle)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  85. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Dreamland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  86. ^ Marden, Duane. "Tower of Terror  (Camelot Theme Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  87. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Ocean Beach Amusement Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  88. ^ Marden, Duane. "Silberpfeil  (OK Corral)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  89. ^ Marden, Duane. "Circuit Bobsleigh  (Parc de la Vallée)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  90. ^ Marden, Duane. "Bobsleigh  (Nigloland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  91. ^ Marden, Duane. "Jumbo Jet  (Drayton Manor)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  92. ^ Marden, Duane. "Looping Star  (Parko Paliatso Luna Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  93. ^ Marden, Duane. "Thunder Loop  (Attractiepark Slagharen)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  94. ^ Marden, Duane. "Teststrecke  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  95. ^ Marden, Duane. "Laser  (Dorney Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  96. ^ Marden, Duane. "Colossus  (Playcenter São Paulo)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  97. ^ Marden, Duane. "Super Jet  (Diego's Park)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  98. ^ Marden, Duane. "Montanha Russa  (Mirabilandia)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  99. ^ Marden, Duane. "Texas Wildcat  (Cotaland)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  100. ^ Marden, Duane. "Raptor Attack  (Lightwater Valley)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  101. ^ Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  102. ^ Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  103. ^ Marden, Duane. "Olympia Looping  (Wiener Prater)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  104. ^ Marden, Duane. "American Dreier Looping  (Indiana Beach)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  105. ^ Johnson, Michael (24 November 2020). "Indiana Beach adding 2 new rides for 2021". Newsbug. Retrieved 25 November 2020.
  106. ^ "Mexico rollercoaster crash leaves two dead". www.BBC.co.uk. BBC News – British Broadcasting Corporation. 29 September 2019.
  107. ^ "Two killed when roller coaster jumps its track in Mexico City". edition.CNN.com. CNN. 29 September 2019.
  108. ^ Marden, Duane. "Quimera  (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  109. ^ Marden, Duane. "Magnum Force  (Flamingo Land)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  110. ^ Marden, Duane. "Triple Loop Coaster  (Sunway Lagoon)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  111. ^ Marden, Duane. "Unknown  (Niagara Amusement Park & Splash World)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  112. ^ Marden, Duane. "Cascabel 2.0  (La Feria Chapultepec Magico)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
  113. ^ Marden, Duane. "Laser Loop  (Kennywood)". Roller Coaster DataBase. Retrieved 4 July 2011.
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